Translation: Towards a complex systems model of evidence for public health

Abstract

This paper offers a clear and integrative systems-level framework for understanding and addressing complex public health challenges such as obesity, moving beyond narrow, individual-focused interventions. It introduces a nine-category evidence model that combines causal, intervention, and implementation evidence across key dimensions of complex systems. The article is especially valuable for researchers and policymakers seeking practical guidance for designing research agendas and evidence-informed policies aimed at system change and health equity.