Article review: Invisible Burden - Health Implications of Micro- and Nanoplastics in the 21st Century
Abstract
The article provides a comprehensive review of the environmental occurrence of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), the main human exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact), and their organ-specific toxic effects. Experimental and human data indicate that MNPs can cross biological barriers, distribute systemically via the bloodstream, and accumulate in multiple organs, where they induce oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular dysfunction, and genetic damage. Adverse effects have been reported in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, nervous, immune, cardiovascular, reproductive, endocrine, renal, and hepatic systems, with toxicity strongly influenced by particle size, composition, and surface properties. The review highlights the importance of chronic, low-dose exposure and emphasizes the need for further human studies, improved monitoring, and preventive regulatory strategies to better assess and mitigate long-term health risks associated with MNP exposure.
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