Rezervoár analóg pannóniai turbiditek Kelet-Erdélyben: őskörnyezet és porozitásfejlődés
Kulcsszavak:
Erdélyi-medence, turbidit, rezervoár minőség, diagenezis, szedimentológia, pannóniai
Absztrakt
Az Erdélyi-medencében feltáruló késő-miocén pannon-tavi turbiditek több szénhidrogén-tároló képződménynek analógiái. A középső-miocén mélyvízi homokkövek mellett, sokszor a felső-miocén turbiditek is termelő rezervoárok az Erdélyi-medencében, valamint a Pannon-medencében egyaránt. A tárolótulajdonságok megismerése céljából meg vizsgáltuk az üledékképződési környezetet és diagenezistörténetet két, korábban nem tanulmányozott feltárásban fácies- és petrográfiai elemzést alkalmazva. Négy fáciesegyüttest írtunk le, amelyek alapján nagy és kis sűrűségű zagyárakat, valamint törmelékfolyásokat azonosítottunk. A firtosmartonosi (Firtanu˛s) feltárásban számos eróziós felület és rálapolódó, felfelé vékonyodó turbiditösszlet jelenik meg. Az építőelem egy kisebb reliefű eróziókból építkező, összetett csatorna lehetett. Kismedesérnél (Medișoru Mic) oldalirányban hosszan kitartó rétegek tárulnak fel, váltakozóan vastag, közepes vagy vékonyréteges turbiditekkel, amelyet egy mélyvízi lebeny középső részeként értelmeztünk. A feltárások közel vannak a medence keleti peremét alkotó Keleti-Kárpátokhoz, azaz az üledék forrásterületéhez. A beszállított üledék éretlenségét a gyengén–közepesen osztályozott, szögletes – enyhén kerekített szemcsék és a magas kozettörmeléktartalom mutatja. Egyes litoklasztok fizikai kompakció során plasztikus deformációra képesek. Az üledékes fácies meghatározta az elsődleges porozitást (5–16%), és a szemcseösszetétel (pl. kozettörmelék) befolyásolta a későbbi porozitásváltozást. Karbonátos cementet csak a csatornaüledékben találtunk, konkréciószerűen vagy rétegekhez kötötten. A fáciesegyüttesek oldalirányú folytonossága és térbeli eloszlása nagyban meghatározza a tároló kőzet tulajdonságait, valamint a heterogén porozitáseloszlás a diagenetikus fluidum áramlását is. A tárolókban történő komplex fluidumáramlás modellezéséhez további nagyobb felbontású vizsgálatok szükségesek.
Hivatkozások
ALLEN, J. R. L. 1982: Structures and Sequences Related to Gravity-Current Surges. – In: Sedimentary Structures Their Character and Physical Basis Volume II 395–431 Elsevier.
AMY, L. A., TALLING, P. J., EDMONDS, V. O., SUMMER, E. J., & LESUEUR, A. 2006: An experimental investigation of sand?mud suspension settling behaviour: implications for bimodal mud contents of submarine flow deposits. – Sedimentology 53/6, 1411–1434.
BAKER, J. C., KASSAN, J., & HAMILTON, P. J. 1996: Early diagenetic siderite as an indicator of depositional environment in the Triassic Rewan Group, southern Bowen Basin, eastern Australia. – Sedimentology 43/1, 77–88.
BEARD, D. C., & WEYL, P. K. 1973: Influence of Texture on Porosity and Permeability of Unconsolidated Sand. – AAPG Bulletin 57/2, 349–369.
BOUMA, A. H. 1962: Sedimentology of some Flysch deposits: A graphic approach to facies interpretation Elsevier.
CIUPAGEA, D., PĂUCĂ, M., & ICHIM, T. 1970: Geology of the Transylvanian depression Bucharest: Academia Republicii Socialiste Roania.
CLAYTON, C. 1992: Source volumetrics of biogenic gas generation. – In: Vially, R. (Ed.): Bacterial Gas 191–204 Paris: Editions Technip.
CRANGANU, C., & DEMING, D. 1996: Heat Flow and Hydrocarbon Generation in the Transylvanian Basin, Romania. – AAPG Bulletin 80/10, 1641–1653.
DICKSON, T. 1990: Carbonate Mineralogy and Chemistry. – In: Tucker, M. E. & P. V Wright (Eds.): Carbonate Sedimentology 284–313 Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
DUTTON, S. P. 2008: Calcite cement in Permian deep-water sandstones, Delaware Basin, west Texas: Origin, distribution, and effect on reservoir properties. – AAPG Bulletin 92/6, 765–787.
DUTTON, S. P., WHITE, C. D., WILLIS, B. J., & NOVAKOVIC, D. 2002: Calcite cement distribution and its effect on fluid flow in a deltaic sandstone, Frontier Formation, Wyoming. – AAPG Bulletin 86/12, 2007–2021.
EHRENBERG, S. 1995: Measuring sandstone compaction from modal analysis of thin sections: how to do it and what the results mean. – Journal of Sedimentary Research.
FOLK, R. L. 1968: Petrology of the sedimentary rocks Austin, Texas: Hemphill Publishing Company.
GIER, S., WORDEN, R. H., JOHNS, W. D., & KURZWEIL, H. 2008: Diagenesis and reservoir quality of Miocene sandstones in the Vienna Basin, Austria. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 25/8, 681–695.
HENRY, J. P., TREWIN, N. H., & FALLICK, A. E. 1996: Low-Mg calcite marine cement in Cretaceous turbidites: origin, spatial distribution and relationship to seawater chemistry. – Sedimentology 43/5, 877–900.
HESSE, R. 1975: Turbiditic and non-turbiditic mudstone of Cretaceous flysch sections of the East Alps and other basins. – Sedimentology 22/3, 307–416.
HOUSEKNECHT, D. W. 1987: Assessing the Relative Importance of Compaction Processes and Cementation to Reduction of Porosity in Sandstones. – AAPG Bulletin 71/6, 633–642.
IVERSON, R. M. 1997: The physics of debris flows. – Reviews of Geophysics 35/3, 245–296.
KOVÁCS, E., MAGYAR, I., SZTANÓ, O., & PIPÍK, R. 2016: Pannonian ostracods from the southwestern Transylvanian basin. – Geologia Croatica 69/2, - in press.
KRÉZSEK, C. 2005: Sedimentology and architecture of Pannonian deposits from the eastern part of the Transylvanian Basin. Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 170p.
KRÉZSEK, C., & BALLY, A. W. 2006: The Transylvanian Basin ( Romania ) and its relation to the Carpathian fold and thrust belt : Insights in gravitational salt tectonics. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 23, 405–442.
KRÉZSEK, C., & FILIPESCU, S. 2005: Middle to late Miocene sequence stratigraphy of the Transylvanian Basin (Romania). – Tectonophysics 410, 437–463.
KRÉZSEK, C., FILIPESCU, S., SILYE, L., MATENCO, L., & DOUST, H. 2010: Miocene facies associations and sedimentary evolution of the Southern Transylvanian Basin ( Romania ): Implications for hydrocarbon exploration. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 27, 191–214.
KUENEN, P. H. H. 1966: Experimental Turbidite Lamination in a Circular Flume. – The Journal of Geology 74/5, 523–545.
KUENEN, P. H., & HUMBERT, F. L. 1969: Graine size of turbidite ripples. – Sedimentology 13/3-4, 253–261.
LI, Q., JIANG, Z., LIU, K., ZHANG, C., & YOU, X. 2014: Factors controlling reservoir properties and hydrocarbon accumulation of lacustrine deep-water turbidites in the Huimin Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 57, 327–344.
LOOPE, D. B., KETTLER, R. M., & WEBER, K. A. 2010: Follow the water: Connecting a CO2 reservoir and bleached sandstone to iron-rich concretions in the Navajo Sandstone of south-central Utah, USA. – Geology 38/11, 999–1002.
MAGYAR, I. 2010: A Pannon-medence ősföldrajza és környezeti viszonyai a késő miocénben– (E. Pál-Molnár, Ed.) Szeged: GeoLitera.
MAGYAR, I., GEARY, D. H., & MÜLLER, P. 1999: Paleogeographic evolution of the Late Miocene Lake Pannon in Central Europe. – Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 147/3-4, 151–167.
MANSURBEG, H., DE ROS, L. F., MORAD, S., KETZER, J. M., EL-GHALI, M. A. K., CAJA, M. A., & OTHMAN, R. 2012: Meteoric-water diagenesis in late Cretaceous canyon-fill turbidite reservoirs from the Espírito Santo Basin, eastern Brazil. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 37/1, 7–26.
MIDDLETON, G. V. 1970: Experimental studies related to the problems of flysch sedimentation. – In: Lajoie, J. (Ed.): Flysch Sedimentology in North America 7th ed., 253–272 Geol. Soc. Can. Spec. Pap.
MIDDLETON, G. V., & HAMPTON, M. A. 1973: Sediment gravity flows: mechanisms of flow and deposition. – In: Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation 1–38 SEPM Pacific Section, Short course lecture notes.
MILLIKEN, K. L. 2003:a Late Diagenesis and Mass Transfer in Sandstone–Shale Sequences. – In: Mackenzie, F. (Ed.): Treatise on Geochemistry: Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks Vol. 7, 159–190 Elsevier.
MILLIKEN, K. L. 2003:b Microscale Distribution of Kaolinite in Breathitt Formation Sandstones (Middle Pennsylvanian): Implications for Mass Balance. – In: Worden, R. H. & S. Morad (Eds.): Clay Mineral Cements in Sandstones, IAS Special Publications 34 343–360 Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
MORAD, S., KETZER, J. M., & DE ROS, L. F. 2000: Spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations in siliciclastic rocks: implications for mass transfer in sedimentary basins. – Sedimentology 47/Suppl. 1, 95–120.
PARASCHIV, D. 1979: Romanian Oil and Gas Fields Bucharest: Institutul de Geologie sii Geofizica Studii Tehnice si Economice Seria A.
PIPER, D. J. W. 1978: Turbidite muds and silts on deepsea fans and abyssal plains. – In: Stanley, D. J. & G. Kelling (Eds.): Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans and Trenches 163–178 Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
POPESCU, G., MARUNTEANU, M., & FILIPESCU, S. 1995: Neogene from Transylvanian depression. Guide to excursion A1 Xth RCMNS Congress Bucuresti, 4–9 September 1995. – Romanian Journal of Stratigraphy 76/3, 27.
ROYDEN, L. 1988: Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Pannonian Basin system. – In: Royden, L. & F. Horváth (Eds.): The Pannonian Basin: A study in basin evolution. AAPG Memoir 45 27–48 AAPG.
SANDERS, C., HUISMANS, R., VAN WEES, J. D., & ANDRIESSEN, P. 2002: The Neogene history of the Transylvanian basin in relation to its surrounding mountains. – EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 3, 121–133.
SYLVESTER, Z., & LOWE, D. R. 2004: Textural trends in turbidites and slurry beds from the Oligocene flysch of the East Carpathians, Romania. – Sedimentology 51/5, 945–972.
SZAKÁCS, A., & KRÉZSEK, C. 2006: Volcano–basement interaction in the Eastern Carpathians: Explaining unusual tectonic features in the Eastern Transylvanian Basin, Romania. – Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 158/1-2, 6–20.
SZTANÓ, O., MAGYAR, I., & HORVÁTH, F. 2007: Changes of water depth in Late Miocene Lake Pannon revisited : the end of an old legend. – Geophysical Research Abstracts 9.
SZTANÓ, O., MAGYAR, I., SZÓNOKY, M., LANTOS, M., MÜLLER, P., LENKEY, L., KATONA, L., & CSILLAG, G. 2013:a A Tihanyi Formáció a Balaton környékén : típusszelvény , képződési körülmények , rétegtani jellemzés. – Földtani Közlöny 143/1, 73–98.
SZTANÓ, O., SZAFIÁN, P., MAGYAR, I., HORÁNYI, A., BADA, G., HUGHES, D. W., HOYER, D. L., & WALLIS, R. J. 2013:b Aggradation and progradation controlled clinothems and deep-water sand delivery model in the Neogene Lake Pannon, Makó Trough, Pannonian Basin, SE Hungary. – Global and Planetary Change 103, 149–167.
TALLING, P. J., AMY, L. A., & WYNN, R. B. 2007: New insight into the evolution of large-volume turbidity currents: comparison of turbidite shape and previous modelling results. – Sedimentology 54/4, 737–769.
TALLING, P. J., MASSON, D. G., SUMMER, E. J., & MALGESNI, G. 2012: Subaqueous sediment density flows: Depositional processes and deposit types. – Sedimentology 59/7, 1937–2003.
TILIŢǍ, M., MATENCO, L., DINU, C., IONESCU, L., & CLOETINGH, S. 2013: Understanding the kinematic evolution and genesis of a back-arc continental “sag” basin: The Neogene evolution of the Transylvanian Basin. – Tectonophysics 602, 237–258.
WALKER, R. G. 1965: The origin and significance of the internal sedimentary structures of turbidites. – Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 35/1, 1–32.
WANEK, F. 1998: Ásványvízkutatás és szénhidrogének a Keleti-Kárpátokban 1908 előtt. – Acta (Székely Nemzeti Múzeum) 1, 44–56.
WORDEN, R. H., & BURLEY, S. D. 2005: Sandstone Diagenesis: The Evolution of Sand to Stone. – In: Burley, S. D. & R. H. Worden (Eds.): Sandstone Diagenesis: Recent and Ancient 1–44 Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., IAS.
WYNN, R. B., WEAVER, P. P. E., MASSON, D. G., & STOW, D. A. V 2002: Turbidite depositional architecture across three interconnected deep-water basins on the north-west African margin. – Sedimentology 49/4, 669–695.
AMY, L. A., TALLING, P. J., EDMONDS, V. O., SUMMER, E. J., & LESUEUR, A. 2006: An experimental investigation of sand?mud suspension settling behaviour: implications for bimodal mud contents of submarine flow deposits. – Sedimentology 53/6, 1411–1434.
BAKER, J. C., KASSAN, J., & HAMILTON, P. J. 1996: Early diagenetic siderite as an indicator of depositional environment in the Triassic Rewan Group, southern Bowen Basin, eastern Australia. – Sedimentology 43/1, 77–88.
BEARD, D. C., & WEYL, P. K. 1973: Influence of Texture on Porosity and Permeability of Unconsolidated Sand. – AAPG Bulletin 57/2, 349–369.
BOUMA, A. H. 1962: Sedimentology of some Flysch deposits: A graphic approach to facies interpretation Elsevier.
CIUPAGEA, D., PĂUCĂ, M., & ICHIM, T. 1970: Geology of the Transylvanian depression Bucharest: Academia Republicii Socialiste Roania.
CLAYTON, C. 1992: Source volumetrics of biogenic gas generation. – In: Vially, R. (Ed.): Bacterial Gas 191–204 Paris: Editions Technip.
CRANGANU, C., & DEMING, D. 1996: Heat Flow and Hydrocarbon Generation in the Transylvanian Basin, Romania. – AAPG Bulletin 80/10, 1641–1653.
DICKSON, T. 1990: Carbonate Mineralogy and Chemistry. – In: Tucker, M. E. & P. V Wright (Eds.): Carbonate Sedimentology 284–313 Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
DUTTON, S. P. 2008: Calcite cement in Permian deep-water sandstones, Delaware Basin, west Texas: Origin, distribution, and effect on reservoir properties. – AAPG Bulletin 92/6, 765–787.
DUTTON, S. P., WHITE, C. D., WILLIS, B. J., & NOVAKOVIC, D. 2002: Calcite cement distribution and its effect on fluid flow in a deltaic sandstone, Frontier Formation, Wyoming. – AAPG Bulletin 86/12, 2007–2021.
EHRENBERG, S. 1995: Measuring sandstone compaction from modal analysis of thin sections: how to do it and what the results mean. – Journal of Sedimentary Research.
FOLK, R. L. 1968: Petrology of the sedimentary rocks Austin, Texas: Hemphill Publishing Company.
GIER, S., WORDEN, R. H., JOHNS, W. D., & KURZWEIL, H. 2008: Diagenesis and reservoir quality of Miocene sandstones in the Vienna Basin, Austria. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 25/8, 681–695.
HENRY, J. P., TREWIN, N. H., & FALLICK, A. E. 1996: Low-Mg calcite marine cement in Cretaceous turbidites: origin, spatial distribution and relationship to seawater chemistry. – Sedimentology 43/5, 877–900.
HESSE, R. 1975: Turbiditic and non-turbiditic mudstone of Cretaceous flysch sections of the East Alps and other basins. – Sedimentology 22/3, 307–416.
HOUSEKNECHT, D. W. 1987: Assessing the Relative Importance of Compaction Processes and Cementation to Reduction of Porosity in Sandstones. – AAPG Bulletin 71/6, 633–642.
IVERSON, R. M. 1997: The physics of debris flows. – Reviews of Geophysics 35/3, 245–296.
KOVÁCS, E., MAGYAR, I., SZTANÓ, O., & PIPÍK, R. 2016: Pannonian ostracods from the southwestern Transylvanian basin. – Geologia Croatica 69/2, - in press.
KRÉZSEK, C. 2005: Sedimentology and architecture of Pannonian deposits from the eastern part of the Transylvanian Basin. Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 170p.
KRÉZSEK, C., & BALLY, A. W. 2006: The Transylvanian Basin ( Romania ) and its relation to the Carpathian fold and thrust belt : Insights in gravitational salt tectonics. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 23, 405–442.
KRÉZSEK, C., & FILIPESCU, S. 2005: Middle to late Miocene sequence stratigraphy of the Transylvanian Basin (Romania). – Tectonophysics 410, 437–463.
KRÉZSEK, C., FILIPESCU, S., SILYE, L., MATENCO, L., & DOUST, H. 2010: Miocene facies associations and sedimentary evolution of the Southern Transylvanian Basin ( Romania ): Implications for hydrocarbon exploration. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 27, 191–214.
KUENEN, P. H. H. 1966: Experimental Turbidite Lamination in a Circular Flume. – The Journal of Geology 74/5, 523–545.
KUENEN, P. H., & HUMBERT, F. L. 1969: Graine size of turbidite ripples. – Sedimentology 13/3-4, 253–261.
LI, Q., JIANG, Z., LIU, K., ZHANG, C., & YOU, X. 2014: Factors controlling reservoir properties and hydrocarbon accumulation of lacustrine deep-water turbidites in the Huimin Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 57, 327–344.
LOOPE, D. B., KETTLER, R. M., & WEBER, K. A. 2010: Follow the water: Connecting a CO2 reservoir and bleached sandstone to iron-rich concretions in the Navajo Sandstone of south-central Utah, USA. – Geology 38/11, 999–1002.
MAGYAR, I. 2010: A Pannon-medence ősföldrajza és környezeti viszonyai a késő miocénben– (E. Pál-Molnár, Ed.) Szeged: GeoLitera.
MAGYAR, I., GEARY, D. H., & MÜLLER, P. 1999: Paleogeographic evolution of the Late Miocene Lake Pannon in Central Europe. – Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 147/3-4, 151–167.
MANSURBEG, H., DE ROS, L. F., MORAD, S., KETZER, J. M., EL-GHALI, M. A. K., CAJA, M. A., & OTHMAN, R. 2012: Meteoric-water diagenesis in late Cretaceous canyon-fill turbidite reservoirs from the Espírito Santo Basin, eastern Brazil. – Marine and Petroleum Geology 37/1, 7–26.
MIDDLETON, G. V. 1970: Experimental studies related to the problems of flysch sedimentation. – In: Lajoie, J. (Ed.): Flysch Sedimentology in North America 7th ed., 253–272 Geol. Soc. Can. Spec. Pap.
MIDDLETON, G. V., & HAMPTON, M. A. 1973: Sediment gravity flows: mechanisms of flow and deposition. – In: Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation 1–38 SEPM Pacific Section, Short course lecture notes.
MILLIKEN, K. L. 2003:a Late Diagenesis and Mass Transfer in Sandstone–Shale Sequences. – In: Mackenzie, F. (Ed.): Treatise on Geochemistry: Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks Vol. 7, 159–190 Elsevier.
MILLIKEN, K. L. 2003:b Microscale Distribution of Kaolinite in Breathitt Formation Sandstones (Middle Pennsylvanian): Implications for Mass Balance. – In: Worden, R. H. & S. Morad (Eds.): Clay Mineral Cements in Sandstones, IAS Special Publications 34 343–360 Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
MORAD, S., KETZER, J. M., & DE ROS, L. F. 2000: Spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations in siliciclastic rocks: implications for mass transfer in sedimentary basins. – Sedimentology 47/Suppl. 1, 95–120.
PARASCHIV, D. 1979: Romanian Oil and Gas Fields Bucharest: Institutul de Geologie sii Geofizica Studii Tehnice si Economice Seria A.
PIPER, D. J. W. 1978: Turbidite muds and silts on deepsea fans and abyssal plains. – In: Stanley, D. J. & G. Kelling (Eds.): Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans and Trenches 163–178 Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
POPESCU, G., MARUNTEANU, M., & FILIPESCU, S. 1995: Neogene from Transylvanian depression. Guide to excursion A1 Xth RCMNS Congress Bucuresti, 4–9 September 1995. – Romanian Journal of Stratigraphy 76/3, 27.
ROYDEN, L. 1988: Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Pannonian Basin system. – In: Royden, L. & F. Horváth (Eds.): The Pannonian Basin: A study in basin evolution. AAPG Memoir 45 27–48 AAPG.
SANDERS, C., HUISMANS, R., VAN WEES, J. D., & ANDRIESSEN, P. 2002: The Neogene history of the Transylvanian basin in relation to its surrounding mountains. – EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 3, 121–133.
SYLVESTER, Z., & LOWE, D. R. 2004: Textural trends in turbidites and slurry beds from the Oligocene flysch of the East Carpathians, Romania. – Sedimentology 51/5, 945–972.
SZAKÁCS, A., & KRÉZSEK, C. 2006: Volcano–basement interaction in the Eastern Carpathians: Explaining unusual tectonic features in the Eastern Transylvanian Basin, Romania. – Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 158/1-2, 6–20.
SZTANÓ, O., MAGYAR, I., & HORVÁTH, F. 2007: Changes of water depth in Late Miocene Lake Pannon revisited : the end of an old legend. – Geophysical Research Abstracts 9.
SZTANÓ, O., MAGYAR, I., SZÓNOKY, M., LANTOS, M., MÜLLER, P., LENKEY, L., KATONA, L., & CSILLAG, G. 2013:a A Tihanyi Formáció a Balaton környékén : típusszelvény , képződési körülmények , rétegtani jellemzés. – Földtani Közlöny 143/1, 73–98.
SZTANÓ, O., SZAFIÁN, P., MAGYAR, I., HORÁNYI, A., BADA, G., HUGHES, D. W., HOYER, D. L., & WALLIS, R. J. 2013:b Aggradation and progradation controlled clinothems and deep-water sand delivery model in the Neogene Lake Pannon, Makó Trough, Pannonian Basin, SE Hungary. – Global and Planetary Change 103, 149–167.
TALLING, P. J., AMY, L. A., & WYNN, R. B. 2007: New insight into the evolution of large-volume turbidity currents: comparison of turbidite shape and previous modelling results. – Sedimentology 54/4, 737–769.
TALLING, P. J., MASSON, D. G., SUMMER, E. J., & MALGESNI, G. 2012: Subaqueous sediment density flows: Depositional processes and deposit types. – Sedimentology 59/7, 1937–2003.
TILIŢǍ, M., MATENCO, L., DINU, C., IONESCU, L., & CLOETINGH, S. 2013: Understanding the kinematic evolution and genesis of a back-arc continental “sag” basin: The Neogene evolution of the Transylvanian Basin. – Tectonophysics 602, 237–258.
WALKER, R. G. 1965: The origin and significance of the internal sedimentary structures of turbidites. – Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 35/1, 1–32.
WANEK, F. 1998: Ásványvízkutatás és szénhidrogének a Keleti-Kárpátokban 1908 előtt. – Acta (Székely Nemzeti Múzeum) 1, 44–56.
WORDEN, R. H., & BURLEY, S. D. 2005: Sandstone Diagenesis: The Evolution of Sand to Stone. – In: Burley, S. D. & R. H. Worden (Eds.): Sandstone Diagenesis: Recent and Ancient 1–44 Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., IAS.
WYNN, R. B., WEAVER, P. P. E., MASSON, D. G., & STOW, D. A. V 2002: Turbidite depositional architecture across three interconnected deep-water basins on the north-west African margin. – Sedimentology 49/4, 669–695.
