Az Európai Unió katasztrófavédelmi politikájának elemzése és lehetséges irányai I. rész

Gergely Takács; Árpád Muhoray

doi:10.61790/vt.2024.16103

Takács Gergely https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2232-5041
Dr. Muhoray Árpád https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3832-293X

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61790/vt.2024.16103

Kulcsszavak: Európai Unió, katasztrófavédelem, polgári védelem, szakpolitika, Uniós Polgári Védelmi Mechanizmus, UCPM

Absztrakt

Az Európai Közösség (majd Unió) története során számos különböző válsággal és katasztrófával nézett szembe. A gazdasági visszaeséstől a természeti és ember okozta katasztrófákon át a humanitárius vészhelyzetekig terjedő kihívások következetesen a mélyebb együttműködés és szolidaritás felé terelték a tagállamokat, jellemzően az adott esemény súlyosságától függően. Ebből következik, hogy a válságok gyakran nem csak feltárják a meglévő rendszerek sebezhetőségét és hiányosságait, hanem egy szorosabb együttműködés és integráció iránti igény megfogalmazását is eredményezik. Ahogy az Európai Unió tagállamainak polgárai automatikusan uniós polgárok is, úgy azok védelme és biztonsága is több, mint tagállami szakpolitikai (katasztrófavédelmi) kérdés. A szerzők írásukban arra kívánnak rávilágítani, hogy az Európai Unió katasztrófavédelmi szakpolitikáját hogyan formálta és formálja mind a mai napig a szolidaritás, az észszerűség és a szükségszerűség egy biztonságosabb, ellenállóbb környezet létrehozása és fenntartása érdekében.

Hivatkozások

European Parliament, "The first treaties: Fact sheets on the European Union," [Online]. Available: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/1/the-first-treaties. (12.06.2024.)

CVCE Website, "Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (Paris, 18 April 1951)," [Online]. Available: https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2001/8/31/3940ef1d-7c10-4d0f-97fc-0cf1e86a32d4/publishable_en.pdf. (12.06.2024.)

International Energy Agency, "History," [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/about/history. (12.06.2024.)

European Stability Mechanism, "History," [Online]. Available: https://www.esm.europa.eu/about-us/history. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "A European Border and Coast Guard to protect Europe's External Borders," [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_6327. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing a Union Resettlement Framework and amending Regulation (EU) No 516/2014 of the European Parliament and the Council," EUR-Lex - 52016PC0468 - EN - EUR-Lex (europa.eu), [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016PC0468. (12.06.2024.)

Council of the European Union, "Council Decision of 23 October 2001 establishing a Community mechanism to facilitate reinforced cooperation in civil protection assistance interventions," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32001D0792. (12.06.2024.)

European Parliament and Council of the European Union, "Decision No 1313/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on a Union Civil Protection Mechanism," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32013D1313. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "EU Civil Protection," [Online]. Available: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/resceu_en. (12.06.2024.)

Blavoukos, S., & Politis-Lamprou, P. (2021, November 26). A European Civil Protection Union: Maturing out of necessity. [Online]. Available: https://www.eliamep.gr/en/publication/μια-ευρωπαϊκή-ένωση-πολιτικής-προστα/. (12.06.2024.)

S. Villani, "The EU Civil Protection Mechanism: an instrument of response in the event of a disaster," Revista Universitaria Europea, vol. 26, pp. 121-148, May 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.revistarue.eu/RUE/052017.pdf. (12.06.2024.)

Council of the European Union, "Resolution of the Council and the representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council of 25 June 1987 on the introduction of Community Cooperation on Civil Protection," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:41987X0704. (12.06.2024.)

European Union, "Treaty on European Union," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:11992M/TXT. (12.06.2024.)

Council of the European Union, "Council Decision of 19 December 1997 establishing a Community action programme in the field of civil protection," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1998:008:0020:0023:EN:PDF. (12.06.2024.)

Council of the European Union, "1999/847/EC: Council Decision of 9 December 1999 establishing a Community action programme in the field of civil protection," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31999D0847. (12.06.2024.)

Council of the European Union, "2001/792/EC,Euratom: Council Decision of 23 October 2001 establishing a Community mechanism to facilitate reinforced cooperation in civil protection assistance interventions," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32001D0792. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "ERCC Portal - ECHO-Products Maps, EU Civil Protection Mechanism and Neighbourhood countries", [Online]. Available: https://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ECHO-Products/Maps#/maps/4652. (12.06.2024.)

Council of the European Union, "2007/162/EC,Euratom: Council Decision of 5 March 2007 establishing a Civil Protection Financial Instrument," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex:32007D0162. (12.06.2024.)

Council of the European Union, "2007/779/EC,Euratom: Council Decision of 8 November 2007 establishing a Community Civil Protection Mechanism (recast)," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32007D0779%2801%29. (12.06.2024.)

European Union, "Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 222," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12016ME%2FTXT. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "Council Conclusions on the development and establishment of Early Warning Systems in the EU," [Online]. Available: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-11/council_conclusions_early_warning_systems.pdf. (12.06.2024.)

European Union, "Towards a stronger European disaster response: the role of civil protection and humanitarian assistance," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52010DC0600. (12.06.2024.)

European Union, "Proposal for a DECISION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on a Union Civil Protection Mechanism," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52011PC0934. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "European Civil Protection Pool," [Online]. Available: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/european-civil-protection-pool_en. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 16 October 2014 laying down rules for the implementation of Decision No 1313/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Union Civil Protection Mechanism and repealing Commission Decisions 2004/277/EC, Euratom and 2007/606/EC, Euratom," [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014D0762. (12.06.2024.)

G. Jäkel, "The Union Civil Protection Mechanism under European and International Law," ResearchGate, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net (12.06.2024.)

Á. Muhoray and R. Becze, A katasztrófavédelmi szervek nemzetközi együttműködése. Oktatási segédanyag. Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://tudasportal.uni-nke.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12944/100140/328.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "ERCC Portal - ECHO-Products Maps, European Civil Protection Pool - Offered and Registered Response Capacities" [Online]. Available: https://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ECHO-Products/Maps#/maps/4866. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "Press release: rescEU: a new European system to tackle natural disasters," [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_17_4731. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "resceu: Commission welcomes provisional agreement to strengthen EU civil protection," ReliefWeb, [Online]. Available: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/resceu-commission-welcomes-provisional-agreement-strengthen-eu-civil-protection. (12.06.2024.)

F. Casolari, "Europe (2018)," ResearchGate, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337817435_Europe_2018. (12.06.2024.)

European Union, "Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 2(5)," EUR-Lex, 12016ME/TXT, [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12016ME%2FTXT. (12.06.2024.)

European Parliament and Council of the European Union, "Decision (EU) 2019/420 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 March 2019 amending Decision No 1313/2013/EU on a Union Civil Protection Mechanism," EUR-Lex, Decision 2019/420. [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019D0420. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/570," EUR-Lex, Implementing Decision 2019/570, [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019D0570. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "ERCC Portal - ECHO-Products Maps, rescEU capacities 2024 update" [Online]. Available: https://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ECHO-Products/Maps#/maps/4887. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "European Commission creates first ever rescEU stockpile of medical equipment," European Commission Press Corner, [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_476. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "The European public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic – Lessons for future cross-border health threats," Publications Office of the EU, [Online]. Available: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1d1381df-b262-11ed-8912-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-322048843. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "Building a European Health Union: Reinforcing the EU’s resilience for cross-border health threats," EUR-Lex, 52020DC0724, [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0724. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "Bringing stranded citizens home," European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, [Online]. Available: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/news-stories/stories/bringing-stranded-citizens-home_en. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT on the evaluation of the Union Civil Protection Mechanism - Strengthening EU's emergency preparedness," European Commission, [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu (12.06.2024.)

European Parliament and Council of the European Union, "Regulation (EU) 2021/836 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2021 amending Decision No 1313/2013/EU on a Union Civil Protection Mechanism," EUR-Lex, Regulation 2021/836, [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32021R0836. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "Commission Recommendation on Union disaster resilience goals," European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, [Online]. Available: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/document/download/7b124199-d4d7-43fe-b852-8cee69674d19_en. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "PrepareU Project," Civil Protection Knowledge Network, [Online]. Available: https://civil-protection-knowledge-network.europa.eu/projects/prepareu. (12.06.2024.)

Council of the European Union, "Council Recommendation of 8 December 2022 on a Union-wide coordinated approach to strengthen the resilience of critical infrastructure," EUR-Lex, 32023H0120(01), [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32023H0120(01). (12.06.2024.)

General Secretariat of the Council, "INFORMATION NOTE: List of working papers (WK) distributed in the Working Party on Civil Protection in the first semester 2023," [Online]. Available: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11480-2023-INIT/en/pdf. (12.06.2024.)

General Secretariat of the Council, "INFORMATION NOTE: List of working papers (WK) distributed in the Working Party on Civil Protection and Civil Protection on Critical Entities Resilience Directive in the second semester of 2023," [Online]. Available: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5240-2024-INIT/en/pdf. (12.06.2024.)

General Secretariat of the Council, "COMMUNICATION: Notice of Meeting and Provisional Agenda," CM1 1239/24, 31 January 2024, [Online]. Available: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/CM-1239-2024-INIT/en/pdf (12.06.2024.).

General Secretariat of the Council, "COMMUNICATION: Notice of Meeting and Provisional Agenda," CM 1811/24, 29 February 2024, [Online]. Available: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/CM-1811-2024-INIT/en/pdf (12.06.2024.)

General Secretariat of the Council, "COMMUNICATION: Notice of Meeting and Provisional Agenda," CM 2360/24, 10 April 2024, [Online]. Available: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/CM-2360-2024-INIT/en/pdf (12.06.2024.)

General Secretariat of the Council, "COMMUNICATION: Notice of Meeting and Provisional Agenda," CM1 2688/24, 2 May 2024, [Online]. Available: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/CM-2688-2024-INIT/en/pdf (12.06.2024.)

General Secretariat of the Council, "COMMUNICATION: Notice of Meeting and Provisional Agenda," CM 3026/24, 30 May 2024, [Online]. Available: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/CM-3026-2024-INIT/en/pdf (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION on a Blueprint to coordinate a Union-level response to disruptions of critical infrastructure with significant cross-border relevance," [Online]. Available: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-12485-2023-INIT/en/pdf. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "ERCC Portal - ECHO-Products Maps, UCPM and Humanitarian Aid response to the situation in the Middle East", [Online]. Available: https://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ECHO-Products/Maps#/maps/4877. (12.06.2024.)

European Commission, "ERCC Portal - ECHO-Products Maps, EU civil protection response and humanitarian aid to Ukraine", [Online]. Available: https://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ECHO-Products/Maps#/maps/4826. (12.06.2024.)

Merriam-Webster, "Cooperate," Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cooperate. (12.06.2024.)

Aristotle, "Metaphysics Book 8," Perseus Digital Library, [Online]. Available: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0052%3Abook%3D8. (12.06.2024.)