Diseases whose role in cardiovascular dieases is less well known, with a worse clinical prognosis. Part 1
Abstract
In addition to individual cardiovascular risks assessed by traditional risk factors, certain diseases and clinical conditions can also adversely affect the risk. Certain underlying diseases can increase the risk and may even be the cause of cardiovascular diseases or be associated with a worse clinical prognosis. Below we present diseases that increase cardiovascular risk and can cause disease, which are not included in the traditional risk factors: autoimmune, rheumatological, chronic kidney, obstructive pulmonary, neoplastic, hematological diseases.
References
Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S és mtsai: 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Pre-vention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts). Developed with the speci-al contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 2016; 37: 2315-2381. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106
Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM és mtsai: 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular dis-ease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies With the special contribution of the European Association of Pre-ventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur. Heart J 2021; 42: 3227-3237. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484
Kunadian V, Chieffo A, Camici PG és mtsai: An EAPCI Expert Consensus Document on Ischaemia with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries in Collaboration with European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Coronary
Pathophysiology & Microcirculation Endorsed by Coronary Vasomotor Disorders International Study Group. Eur Heart J 2020; 41: 3504-3520. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa503
Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Hong Y és mtsai: CDC/AHA workshop on markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice: Overview. Circulation 2004; 110: e543-544. Prasad M, Hermann J, Gabriel SE és mtsai: Cardiorheumatology: Cardiac involvement in systemic rheumatic disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12: 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2014.206
Zanatta E, Colombo C, D'Amico G és mtsai: Inflammation and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Autoimmune Rheu-matic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20: 5563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225563
Faccini A, Kaski JC, Camici PG: Coronary microvascular dysfunction in chronic inflammatory rheumatoid diseases. Eur Heart J 2016; 37: 1799-1806. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw018
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2024; 105: S117-314.
A Belügyminisztérium egészségügyi szakmai irányelve a felnőttkori idült vesebetegség diagnózisáról és kezeléséről. Hypertonia és Nephrologia. 2025; 29(Suppl. 1): 1-48.
Jankowski J, Floege J, Fliser D és mtsai: Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiological insights and therapeutic options. Circulation 2021; 143: 1157-1172. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686
Marx-Schütt K, Cherney DZI, Jankowski és mtsai: Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease, European Heart Journal 2025; 46: 2148-2160 https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf167
Sooltan I, Khan A, Bulugahapitiya S: COPD and CVD: the dangerous duo reshaping cardiopulmonary care. Br J Cardiol 2025; 32: 123-124.
Morgan AD, Zakeri R, Quint JK: Defining the relationship between COPD and CVD: what are the implications for clinical practice? Ther Adv Respir Dis 2018; 12: 1753465817750524. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753465817750524
Maeda T, Dransfield MT: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease: mechanistic links and implications for practice. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2024; 30: 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000001040
Finks SW, Rumbak MJ, Self TH: Treating Hypertension in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1805377
Yang YL, Xiang ZJ, Yang JH és mtsai: Association of β-blocker use with survival and pulmonary function in patients with chro-nic obstructive pulmonary and cardiovascular disease: a sys-te-matic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2020; 41: 4415-4422. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa793
Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS és mtsai: 2022 ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J 2022; 43: 4229-4361.
Wilcox NS, Amit U, Reibel JB és mtsai: Cardiovascular disease and cancer: shared risk factors and mechanisms. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024; 21: 617-631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-024-01017-x
Sharma A, Darren C, Tsang DC és mtsai: Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors Among Cancer Patients: 5-Year National Inpatient Sample Analysis. JACC: Advances. 2026; 4: 102690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2026.102690
Newman AAC, Dalman JM, Moore KJ. Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Dangerous Liaison. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2025 Mar; 45(3): 359-371. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.319863
van Dorst DCH, Dobbin SJH, Neves KB és mtsai: Hypertension and Prohypertensive Antineoplastic Therapies in Cancer Patients. Circ Res 2021; 128: 1040-1061. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318051
Kidoguchi S, Sugano N, Tokudome G és mtsai: New concept of onco-hypertension and future perspectives. Hypertension. 2021; 77: 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16044
Moslehi JJ: Cardiovascular toxic effects of targeted cancer therapies. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 1457-1467. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1100265
Yong JH, Mai AS, Matetić A és mtsai: Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Cardiol 2024; 212: 80-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.11.039
Tefferi A, Barbui T: Polycytemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2019 update on diagnosis risk stratification and management. Am J Hematol 2019; 94133-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25303
Rymer JA, Rao SV. Anemia and coronary artery disease: pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment. Coron Artery Dis 2018; 29: 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000598
Lanser L, Fuchs D, Scharnagl H és mtsai: Anemia of Chronic Disease in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Aug 12; 8: 666638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.666638
Wang H, Huang Z, Du C, Dong M: Iron Dysregulation in Cardiovascular Diseases. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2024 Jan 10; 25(1): 16. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2501016
Kotze MJ, van Velden DP, van Rensburg SJ, Erasmus R: Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload: New Insights for Clinical Application. EJIFCC 2009; 20: 108-123.
Baddam S, Chen RJ: Iron Overload and Toxicity. In: Stat- Pearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526131/
Copyright (c) 2026 Author

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


