The integration of electric scooters in Hungary
Abstract
The academic literature extensively explores global sustainability strategies in mobility, emphasizing the necessity of emission reduction while acknowledging that technology alone is insufficient to address these challenges. Electric micro-mobility devices are increasingly positioned as a greener alternative to urban transportation. This study examines whether Hungarian electric scooter users’ place of residence influences the frequency of e-scooter usage, the type of transportation mode it replaces, and the factors they consider crucial for its integration. Based on 292 completed responses, our findings indicate no significant correlation between settlement type and either the frequency of e-scooter use or the perceived importance of various integration-supporting factors. However, Chi-square test results reveal a significant association between residence location and the transportation mode displaced by e-scooter use. The novelty of this research lies in its pioneering effort to map the usage patterns and sociodemographic characteristics of domestic e-scooter users. Our analysis underscores that the successful integration of electric micro-mobility devices requires more than merely accounting for the specific characteristics of different urban forms; it also necessitates active community engagement – an aspect currently absent from Hungary’s regulatory framework.
References
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CHRISTOFOROU, Z.–DE BORTOLI, A.–GIOLDASIS, C.–SEIDOWSKY, R. [2021]: Who is using e-scooters and how? Evidence from Paris. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 92. 102708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102708.
CUBELLS, J.–MIRALLES-GUASCH, C.–MARQUET, O. [2023]: E-scooter and bike-share route choice and detours: Modelling the influence of built environment and sociodemographic factors. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 111. 103664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103664.
DIBAJ, S.–HOSSEINZADEH, A.–MLADENOVIĆ, M. N.–KLUGER, R. [2021]: Where Have Shared E-Scooters Taken Us So Far? A Review of Mobility Patterns, Usage Frequency, and Personas. Sustainability, Vol. 13. No. 21. 11792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111792.
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FLEISCHER TAMÁS [2019]: Városi mobilitás, közjavak, fenntarthatóság. Közgazdasági Szemle, 66. évf. 10. sz. 1056–1072. o. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.18414/KSZ.2019.10.1056.
GITELMAN, V.–PESAHOV, F.–CARMEL, R.–CHEN, S. [2017]: Exploring the characteristics of potential and current users of mobility scooters, among older people in Israel. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 46. 373–389. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.07.010.
GÖSSLING, S. [2020]: Integrating e-scooters in urban transportation: Problems, policies, and the prospect of system change. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 79. 102230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102230.
HENAO, A.–MARSHALL, W. E. [2019]: An analysis of the individual economics of ride-hailing drivers. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 130. 440–451. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.056.
HOLLINGSWORTH, J.–COPELAND, B.–JOHNSON, J. X. [2019]: The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 14. No. 8. 084031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2da8.
HUO, J.–YANG, H.–LI, C.–ZHENG, R.–YANG, L.–WEN, Y. [2021]: Influence of the built environment on E-scooter sharing ridership: A tale of five cities. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 93. 103084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103084.
KAZEMZADEH, K.–SPREI, F. [2022]: Towards an electric scooter level of service: a review and framework. Travel Behaviour and Society, Vol. 29. 149–164. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.06.005.
KHAVARIAN-GARMSIR, A. R.–SHARIFI, A.–MORADPOUR, N. [2021]: Are high-density districts more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic? Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 70. 102911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102911.
KOPPLIN, C. S.–BRAND, B. M.–REICHENBERGER, Y. [2021]: Consumer acceptance of shared e-scooters for urban and short-distance mobility. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 91. 102680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102680.
KRISWARDHANA, W.–ESZTERGÁR-KISS DOMOKOS [2023]: A systematic literature review of Mobility as a Service. Examining the socio-technical factors in MaaS adoption and bundling packages. Travel Behaviour and Society, Vol. 31. 232–243. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.12.007.
LAA, B.–LETH, U. [2020]: Survey of E-scooter users in Vienna. Who they are and how they ride. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 89. 102874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102874.
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MALHOTRA, N. K.–SIMON JUDIT [2017]: Marketingkutatás. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789630598675.
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MITROPOULOS, L.–STAVROPOULOU, E.–TZOURAS, P.–KAROLEMEAS, C.–KEPAPTSOGLOU, K. [2023]: E-scooter micromobility systems. Review of attributes and impacts. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Vol. 21. 100888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100888.
MOURATIDIS, K. [2021]: COVID-19 impact on teleactivities: role of built environment and implications for mobility. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 158. 251–270. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.03.007.
MOURATIDIS, K.–PETERS, S. [2022]: Urban planning and quality of life: A review of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being. Cities, Vol. 115. 103229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103229.
NIKIFORIADIS, A.–PASCHALIDIS, E.–STAMATIADIS, N.–RAPTOPOULOU, A.–KOSTARELI, A.–BASBAS, S. [2021]: Analysis of attitudes and engagement of shared e-scooter users. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 94. 102790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102790.
RECK, D. J.–GUIDON, S.–AXHAUSEN, K. W. [2021]: Modelling shared e-scooters: a spatial regression approach. 9th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transportation, február 3–4. https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000467559.
REUTERS [2023]: Párizs szeptembertől betiltja az e-rollereket. Reuters, április 3. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/parisians-vote-ban-e-scooters-french-capital-2023-04-02/.
SANGALLI, L. M.–SECCHI, P.–VANTINI, S.–VITELLI, V. [2010]: k-mean alignment for curve clustering. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Vol. 54. No. 5. 1219–1233. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2009.12.008.
SHAHEEN, S. [2019]: Micromobility Policy Toolkit: Docked and dockless bike and scooter sharing. UC Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center, https://doi.org/10.7922/G2TH8JW7.
SOLON, G.–HAIDER, S.–WOOLDRIDGE, J. [2013]: What Are We Weighting For? NBER Working Paper Series, No. 18859. https://doi.org/10.3386/w18859.
SZEMERE DOROTTYA–IVÁNYI TAMÁS–SURMAN VIVIEN [2024]: Exploring electric scooter regulations and user perspectives: A comprehensive study in Hungary. Case Studies on Transport Policy, Vol. 15. 101135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.101135.
TIRACHINI, A.–CATS, O. [2020]: COVID-19 and Public Transportation. Current Assessment, Prospects, and Research Needs. Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 22. No. 1. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.22.1.1.
TOKEY, A. I.–ALAM, M. S. [2023]: The travel behavior, attitude, and sociodemographic characteristics of the teleworkers in post-pandemic era. World Development Sustainability, Vol. 2. 100066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2023.100066.
TU, J.-C.–JIA, X.-H.–YANG, T.-J. [2022]: Discussion on the Purchase Factors and the User Demands of Electric Scooters from the Perspective of Consumers’ Life Style – A Case Study on Gogoro. Processes, Vol. 10. No. 2. 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020395.
UTENG, T. P.–KNAPSKOG, M.–UTENG, A.–MARIDAL, J. S. [2021]: Addressing climate policy-making and gender in transport plans and strategies. Megjelent: Magnusdottir, G. L.–Kronsell, A. (szerk): Gender, Intersectionality and Climate Institutions in Industrialised States. Routledge, London, 183–206. o. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003052821-14.
VERECKEI-POÓR BENCE–TÖRŐCSIK MÁRIA [2023]: Az elektromos autózás fogyasztói megítélése, dilemmái. Marketing & Menedzsment, 56. évf. 4. sz. 57–66. o. https://doi.org/10.15170/MM.2022.56.04.06.
WOOLDRIDGE, J. M. [1999]: Distribution-free estimation of some nonlinear panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 90. No. 1. 77–97. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00033-5.
AGUILERA-GARCÍA, Á.–GOMEZ, J.–RANGEL, T.–BAEZA, M. D. L. Á.–VASSALLO, J. M. [2024]: Which factors influence the use of shared and privately-owned e-scooters in the city of Madrid? Implications for urban mobility. Cities, Vol. 147. 104785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104785.
BABBIE, R. [2013]: The Practice of Social Research. Cengage Learning. https://books.google.hu/books?id=LRCrMgEACAAJ.
BAI, S.–JIAO, J. [2020]: Dockless E-scooter usage patterns and urban built Environments. A comparison study of Austin, TX, and Minneapolis, MN. Travel Behaviour and Society, Vol. 20. 264–272. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.04.005.
BUEHLER, R.–BROADDUS, A.–SWEENEY, T.–ZHANG, W.–WHITE, E.–MOLLENHAUER, M. [2021]: Changes in Travel Behavior, Attitudes, and Preferences among E-Scooter Riders and Nonriders. First Look at Results from Pre and Post E-Scooter System Launch Surveys at Virginia Tech. Transportation Research Record, Vol. 2675. No. 9. 335–345. o. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981211002213.
BURT, N.–AHMED, Z. [2023]: E-scooter attitudes and risk-taking behaviours: An international systematic literature review and survey responses in the West Midlands, United Kingdom. Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. 11. 1277378. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1277378.
CHRISTOFOROU, Z.–DE BORTOLI, A.–GIOLDASIS, C.–SEIDOWSKY, R. [2021]: Who is using e-scooters and how? Evidence from Paris. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 92. 102708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102708.
CUBELLS, J.–MIRALLES-GUASCH, C.–MARQUET, O. [2023]: E-scooter and bike-share route choice and detours: Modelling the influence of built environment and sociodemographic factors. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 111. 103664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103664.
DIBAJ, S.–HOSSEINZADEH, A.–MLADENOVIĆ, M. N.–KLUGER, R. [2021]: Where Have Shared E-Scooters Taken Us So Far? A Review of Mobility Patterns, Usage Frequency, and Personas. Sustainability, Vol. 13. No. 21. 11792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111792.
DOBOZI ISTVÁN [2018]: Simai Mihály: A harmadik évezred nyitánya. A zöld fejlődés esélyei és a globális kockázatok. Könyvismertetés. Közgazdasági Szemle, 65. évf. 9. sz. 975–978. o. https://doi.org/10.18414/KSZ.2018.9.975.
ECCARIUS, T.–LU, C.-C. [2020]: Adoption intentions for micro-mobility – Insights from electric scooter sharing in Taiwan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 84. 102327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102327.
EREN, E.–UZ, V. E. [2020]: A review on bike-sharing: the factors affecting bike-sharing demand. Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 54. 101882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101882.
ESZTERGÁR-KISS DOMOKOS–TORDAI DÁNIEL–LOPEZ LIZARRAGA, J. C. [2022]: Assessment of travel behavior related to e-scooters using a stated preference experiment. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 166. 389–405. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.11.010.
FAN, R.–BAO, X.–DU, K.–WANG, YU–WANG, Yi [2022]: The effect of government policies and consumer green preferences on the R&D diffusion of new energy vehicles: A perspective of complex network games. Energy, Vol. 254. 124316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124316.
FEARNLEY, N.–JOHNSSON, E.–BERGE, S. H. [2020]: Patterns of e-scooter use in combination with public transport. Transport Findings, július 24. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.13707.
FITT, H.–CURL, A. [2020]: The early days of shared micromobility: A social practices approach. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 86. 102779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102779.
FLEISCHER TAMÁS [2019]: Városi mobilitás, közjavak, fenntarthatóság. Közgazdasági Szemle, 66. évf. 10. sz. 1056–1072. o. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.18414/KSZ.2019.10.1056.
GITELMAN, V.–PESAHOV, F.–CARMEL, R.–CHEN, S. [2017]: Exploring the characteristics of potential and current users of mobility scooters, among older people in Israel. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 46. 373–389. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.07.010.
GÖSSLING, S. [2020]: Integrating e-scooters in urban transportation: Problems, policies, and the prospect of system change. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 79. 102230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102230.
HENAO, A.–MARSHALL, W. E. [2019]: An analysis of the individual economics of ride-hailing drivers. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 130. 440–451. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.056.
HOLLINGSWORTH, J.–COPELAND, B.–JOHNSON, J. X. [2019]: The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 14. No. 8. 084031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2da8.
HUO, J.–YANG, H.–LI, C.–ZHENG, R.–YANG, L.–WEN, Y. [2021]: Influence of the built environment on E-scooter sharing ridership: A tale of five cities. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 93. 103084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103084.
KAZEMZADEH, K.–SPREI, F. [2022]: Towards an electric scooter level of service: a review and framework. Travel Behaviour and Society, Vol. 29. 149–164. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.06.005.
KHAVARIAN-GARMSIR, A. R.–SHARIFI, A.–MORADPOUR, N. [2021]: Are high-density districts more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic? Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 70. 102911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102911.
KOPPLIN, C. S.–BRAND, B. M.–REICHENBERGER, Y. [2021]: Consumer acceptance of shared e-scooters for urban and short-distance mobility. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 91. 102680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102680.
KRISWARDHANA, W.–ESZTERGÁR-KISS DOMOKOS [2023]: A systematic literature review of Mobility as a Service. Examining the socio-technical factors in MaaS adoption and bundling packages. Travel Behaviour and Society, Vol. 31. 232–243. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.12.007.
LAA, B.–LETH, U. [2020]: Survey of E-scooter users in Vienna. Who they are and how they ride. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 89. 102874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102874.
LIAO, F.–CORREIA, G. [2022]: Electric carsharing and micromobility. A literature review on their usage pattern, demand, and potential impacts. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Vol. 16. No. 3. 269–286. o. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1861394.
MALHOTRA, N. K.–SIMON JUDIT [2017]: Marketingkutatás. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789630598675.
MITRA, R.–HESS, P. M. [2021]: Who are the potential users of shared e-scooters? An examination of socio-demographic, attitudinal and environmental factors. Travel Behaviour and Society, Vol. 23. 100–107. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.12.004.
MITROPOULOS, L.–STAVROPOULOU, E.–TZOURAS, P.–KAROLEMEAS, C.–KEPAPTSOGLOU, K. [2023]: E-scooter micromobility systems. Review of attributes and impacts. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Vol. 21. 100888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100888.
MOURATIDIS, K. [2021]: COVID-19 impact on teleactivities: role of built environment and implications for mobility. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 158. 251–270. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.03.007.
MOURATIDIS, K.–PETERS, S. [2022]: Urban planning and quality of life: A review of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being. Cities, Vol. 115. 103229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103229.
NIKIFORIADIS, A.–PASCHALIDIS, E.–STAMATIADIS, N.–RAPTOPOULOU, A.–KOSTARELI, A.–BASBAS, S. [2021]: Analysis of attitudes and engagement of shared e-scooter users. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 94. 102790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102790.
RECK, D. J.–GUIDON, S.–AXHAUSEN, K. W. [2021]: Modelling shared e-scooters: a spatial regression approach. 9th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transportation, február 3–4. https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000467559.
REUTERS [2023]: Párizs szeptembertől betiltja az e-rollereket. Reuters, április 3. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/parisians-vote-ban-e-scooters-french-capital-2023-04-02/.
SANGALLI, L. M.–SECCHI, P.–VANTINI, S.–VITELLI, V. [2010]: k-mean alignment for curve clustering. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Vol. 54. No. 5. 1219–1233. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2009.12.008.
SHAHEEN, S. [2019]: Micromobility Policy Toolkit: Docked and dockless bike and scooter sharing. UC Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center, https://doi.org/10.7922/G2TH8JW7.
SOLON, G.–HAIDER, S.–WOOLDRIDGE, J. [2013]: What Are We Weighting For? NBER Working Paper Series, No. 18859. https://doi.org/10.3386/w18859.
SZEMERE DOROTTYA–IVÁNYI TAMÁS–SURMAN VIVIEN [2024]: Exploring electric scooter regulations and user perspectives: A comprehensive study in Hungary. Case Studies on Transport Policy, Vol. 15. 101135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.101135.
TIRACHINI, A.–CATS, O. [2020]: COVID-19 and Public Transportation. Current Assessment, Prospects, and Research Needs. Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 22. No. 1. https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.22.1.1.
TOKEY, A. I.–ALAM, M. S. [2023]: The travel behavior, attitude, and sociodemographic characteristics of the teleworkers in post-pandemic era. World Development Sustainability, Vol. 2. 100066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2023.100066.
TU, J.-C.–JIA, X.-H.–YANG, T.-J. [2022]: Discussion on the Purchase Factors and the User Demands of Electric Scooters from the Perspective of Consumers’ Life Style – A Case Study on Gogoro. Processes, Vol. 10. No. 2. 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020395.
UTENG, T. P.–KNAPSKOG, M.–UTENG, A.–MARIDAL, J. S. [2021]: Addressing climate policy-making and gender in transport plans and strategies. Megjelent: Magnusdottir, G. L.–Kronsell, A. (szerk): Gender, Intersectionality and Climate Institutions in Industrialised States. Routledge, London, 183–206. o. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003052821-14.
VERECKEI-POÓR BENCE–TÖRŐCSIK MÁRIA [2023]: Az elektromos autózás fogyasztói megítélése, dilemmái. Marketing & Menedzsment, 56. évf. 4. sz. 57–66. o. https://doi.org/10.15170/MM.2022.56.04.06.
WOOLDRIDGE, J. M. [1999]: Distribution-free estimation of some nonlinear panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 90. No. 1. 77–97. o. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00033-5.
Published
2025-03-17
How to Cite
SzemereD., & SurmanV. (2025). The integration of electric scooters in Hungary. Hungarian Economic Review, 72(3), 312-327. Retrieved from https://ojs.mtak.hu/index.php/kszemle/article/view/18744
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