Does Machine Translation Invalidate Translation Theories?

Abstract

The rise of machine translation (MT) in the past few years has been characterized as a disruptive innovation, prompting a critical re-evaluation of established Translation Studies (TS) models and concepts within both research and translator/post-editor training. The rapid improvement in MT quality raises fundamental questions: Is machine translation truly translation? Have the core characteristics of translation changed? Has the subject of research changed, or only the focus of TS research shifted? Are existing translation theories applicable to MT? Can the teaching of translation theory contribute to the effectiveness of translator and post-editor training, and if so, what theoretical knowledge do students need?

This study provides a comprehensive literature review, addressing key questions such as the status of MT vis-à-vis HT and the role that translation theory can play in translator and post-editor training. It argues that even in the era of neural MT and artificial intelligence (AI) an understanding of fundamental translation theory concepts remains essential for aspiring translators and post-editors. However, it emphasizes the need to align curriculum content with evolving training objectives, competency requirements, and the technological paradigm shift introduced by MT. Through a specific example, the paper highlights the most pertinent theoretical topics and concepts for educational purposes. It argues that relevance theory offers a comprehensive explanatory framework for both research and translator training. It also underscores the importance of understanding the cognitive processes involved in translation, including the distinction between horizontal and vertical translation.

Ultimately, the paper concludes that while MT has profoundly reshaped the translation landscape, it has not invalidated established translation theories. Instead, it has expanded the scope of TS, necessitating a nuanced approach that acknowledges the unique characteristics of both HT and MT. It advocates for a curriculum that equips future translators and post-editors with the essential theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary to navigate the evolving demands of the profession.