Pandemics from Historical, Environmental and Geographical Perspectives

Abstract

Analysing some of the major pandemics in history (plague, smallpox, cholera, and influenza), this study examines the causes of their outbreak and their effects on human society, as well as on the natural environment. The animal origin of the majority of infectious diseases is considered proven by most specialists. In several cases, persistent weather changes also played a role in the outbreaks of pandemics, causing famines. The development of a society, including crowdedness in cities, the development of trade and transport, and the expansion of human relations have played a decisive role in the spread of pandemics, while wars deepen the consequences of diseases. The spread of pandemics is shown on maps and the first successful medical geography research in history is analysed. Severe pandemics have hindered the development of particular societies, which, in turn, leads to the regeneration of nature. Finally, the lessons that can be learned from the great pandemics in history are discussed, which can provide clues regarding how to prevent and control new epidemics.