The Conditions and Practice of the Enforcement of Life Imprisonment Without Parole

Abstract

This study examines the conditions and practice of enforcing life imprisonment without the possibility of parole (LWOP), with a particular focus on the structural, psychological and security- related challenges faced by the penal system. The defining feature of LWOP is the permanent exclusion of release, which fundamentally alters the traditional purpose of imprisonment and renders the reintegration function largely inapplicable. This shift necessitates a re-evaluation of detention strategies, as a purely custodial approach carries serious risks both for the psychological well-being of prisoners and for institutional security. The paper outlines the preparatory professional work preceding the introduction of LWOP in Hungary and the early risk assessments identifying persistent hopelessness, depressive states, increased suicide risk and the potential for heightened aggression among this prisoner population. In response to these concerns, the first Long-Term High Security Regime unit (HSR) was established at Szeged Prison. The HSR was designed to combine maximum security with psychological stabilisation, functioning not solely as an isolating measure but as an intermediate and preparatory regime aimed at fostering cooperation and institutional adaptability. Domestic experience demonstrates that prisoners serving LWOP do not constitute a homogeneous group. With appropriate treatment, therapeutic interventions and access to educational and occupational activities, some prisoners may, after a certain period, be integrated into standard prison units. The psychological condition of prisoners serving extremely long sentences evolves dynamically, with phases of resistance, hope and acceptance alternating throughout the prison life course. In this context, isolation cannot be regarded as a permanent solution but rather as a time-limited and professionally justified element within a differentiated regime structure. By situating the Hungarian practice within the framework of international research, the study highlights that LWOP is frequently experienced by prisoners as a form of the death penalty. The permanent absence of parole, the gradual erosion of personal relationships, prolonged isolation and elevated suicide risk are recurring features of this punishment. The study concludes that the enforcement of LWOP can only be considered compatible with the requirements of a rule-of-law system if security considerations are consistently balanced with safeguards ensuring psychological stability, respect for human dignity and individualized treatment throughout the period of detention.