Macrofungi of cities – characteristics of changes and species composition
Abstract
A number of natural landscapes have already been urbanized meanwhile the original habitats have changed and fragmented. The mycota of urban environments is not well researched. In the present work we analyze data of urban mycological surveys between 1987 and 2017. The surveys were performed mostly in Budapest and in few other Hungarian cities. 296 fungal taxa have been documented with 1053 records. All of the species belong to 52 families and 126 genera. The most diverse genera were Inocybe, Agaricus and Hebeloma. Conocybe deliquescens, Agaricus bitorquis, Panaeolina foenisecii, Coprinellus micaceus aggr. and Scleroderma bovista were common species during the years. The ratio of saprotrophic species was the highest with 62 %, then mycorrhizal 32 % and necrotrophic parasite 6 %. We found that 163 species (55 %) are included in the proposed Hungarian Red List of macrofungi, furthermore four protected species (Battarrea phalloides, Pogonoloma macrocephalum, Volvariella bombycina and Hypsizygus ulmarius) were also recorded. We have documented the presence of 8 indicator fungal species and 7 of these indicate anthropogenic disturbance.
References
Angel, S., Sheppard, S. C. & Civco, D. L. (2005): The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion. – TheWorld Bank, Washington, DC, 200 p.
Arnolds, E., (1991): Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe. – Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 35: 209–244. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(91)90052-Y
Arnolds, E., Kuyper, Th. W. & Noordeloos, M. E. (1995): Overzicht van de paddestoelen in Nederland. – Nederlandse Mycologische Vereniging, Wijster, 221 pp.
Bajor Z. (2015): Budapest természeti értékei. – Herman Ottó Intézet, Budapest, 351 p.
Benedek L. (2011): A Központi-Börzsöny nagygombái. – PhD disszertáció, Szent István Egyetem, Budapest.
CABI (2017): http://www.indexfungorum.org (2017. október).
Gardes, M. & Bruns, T. D. (1993): ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. – Mol. Ecol. 2: 113 –118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Hogberg, M. N., Baath, E., Nordgren, A., Arnebrant, K. & Hogberg, P., (2003): Contrasting effects of nitrogen availability on plant carbon supply to mycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophs – a hypothesis based on field observations in boreal forest. New Phytol. 160: 225 –238. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00867.x
Knudsen, H. & Vesterholt, J. (szerk.) (2012): Funga Nordica, 2nd edition. – Nordsvamp, Copenhagen, 1083 p.
Krieglsteiner, G. J. (szerk.) (2000): Die Grosspilze Baden-Württembergs. 2. – Ulmer, Stuttgart, 620 p.
Krieglsteiner, G. J. (szerk.) (2001): Die Grosspilze Baden-Württembergs. 3. – Ulmer, Stuttgart, 634 p.
Krieglsteiner, G. J. (szerk.) (2003): Die Grosspilze Baden-Württembergs. 4. – Ulmer, Stuttgart, 467 p.
Krieglsteiner, G. J. & Gminder, A. (szerk.) (2010): Die Grosspilze Baden-Württembergs. 5. – Ulmer, Stuttgart, 672 p.
Merényi Zs., Illyés Z., Völcz G. & Bratek Z. (2010): A database and its application for the development of truffle cultivation methods. – In: Proceedings of the First Conference on the ”European” Truffle Tuber aestivum/uncinatum. Öster. Z. Pilzk, 19, pp. 239– 244.
Montecchi, A. & Sarasini, M. (2000): Funghi ipogei d’Europa. – A.M.B., Trento, 714 p.
Moser, M. (1993): Guida alla determinazione dei funghi. Vol. I. (Die Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze). – Saturnia, Trento.
MycoBank (2017): http://www.mycobank.org (2017. november)
Newbound, M., Mccarthy, M. A., & Lebel, T. (2010): Fungi and the urban environment: A review. Landsc. Urban Plan. 96: 138–145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.04.005
Pál-Fám, F. & Boros, V. (2006): Nagygombák vizsgálata Kaposvár városban. [Macrofungi examination in Kaposvár city]. Somogyi Múzeumi Közlem. 17: 7–16.
Rimóczi I. & Vetter J. (szerk.) (1990): Gombahatározó I–II. – Országos Erdészeti Egyesület Mikológiai Társasága, Budapest.
Rimóczi I., Siller I., Vasas G., Albert L., Vetter J. & Bratek Z. (1999): Magyarország nagygombáinak javasolt Vörös Listája. – Mikol. Közlem. - Clusiana 38: 107-132.
White, T. J., Bruns, T. D., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. W. (1990): Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. – In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (szerk.): PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, 315–322 pp.
Woiewoda W. (1991): Changes in macrofungal flora of Cracow (S. Poland). – Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zürich 106., pp. 150–161.
