The long-term social impacts of COVID-19: The case of home office
Keywords:
home office, COVID-19, labour market inequalities
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed social and economic structures in Hungary to an unprecedented extent, with a radical shift of work from the conventional workplace to the home environment of workers. The present research examines the dynamics of the expansion of home office, its long-term persistence and social inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic and in 2025 by analysing representative samples from Hungary. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant and lasting impact on the prevalence and nature of home-based work. Although the proportion of people working from home declined after the pandemic and did not reach previous levels, the form of work has changed and shifted increasingly towards hybrid arrangements. The present study has confirmed that the availability and prevalence of home office reflects certain social inequalities, notably in terms of occupation, level of education, gender and age.
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de Abreu e Silva, J. – Melo, P. C. (2018): Home telework, travel behavior, and land-use patterns: A path analysis of British single-worker households. Journal of Transport and Land Use 11(1): 419–441.
Del Boca, D. – Oggero, N. – Profeta, P. – Rossi, M. (2020): Women’s and Men’s Work, Housework and Childcare, Before and During COVID-19. Review of Economics of the Household 18(4): 1001–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09502-1
Dilmaghani, M. (2020): There is a Time and a Place for Work: Comparative Evaluation of Flexible Work Arrangements in Canada. International Journal of Manpower 42(1): 167–192. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-12-2019-0555
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Fodor, É. – Gregor, A. – Koltai, J. – Kováts, E. (2021): The impact of COVID-19 on the gender division of childcare work in Hungary. European Societies 23(sup1): S95–S110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1817522
Fonner, K. L. – Roloff, M. E. (2010): Why Teleworkers are More Satisfied with Their Jobs than are Office-Based Workers: When Less Contact is Beneficial. Journal of Applied Communication Research 38(4): 336–361.
Gajendran, R. S. – Harrison, D. A. (2007): The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology 92(6): 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Galanti, T. – Guidetti, G. – Mazzei, E. – Zappalà, S. – Toscano, F. (2021): Work from Home during the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Impact on Employees’ Remote Work Productivity, Engagement, and Stress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63(7): e426–e432. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002236
Gallacher, G. – Hossain, I. (2020): Remote Work and Employment Dynamics under COVID-19: Evidence from Canada. Canadian Public Policy 46(S1): S44–S54. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-026
Gálvez, A. – Tirado, F. – Martínez, M. J. (2020): Work–Life Balance, Organizations and Social Sustainability: Analyzing Female Telework in Spain. Sustainability 12(9): 3567, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093567
Giovanis, E. (2018): The relationship between teleworking, traffic and air pollution. Atmospheric Pollution Research 9(1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.004
Golden, T. D. – Veiga, J. F. (2008): The Impact of Superior-Subordinate Relationships on the Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Performance of Virtual Workers. The Leadership Quarterly 19(1): 77–88.
Graham, M. – Weale, V. – Lambert, K. A. – Kinsman, N. – Stuckey, R. – Oakman, J. (2021): Working at Home: The Effects of COVID-19 on Health, Family-Work-Life Conflict, Gender, and Parental Responsibilities. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63(11): 938–943. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000002337
Greenhaus, J. H. – Powell, G. N. (2003): When work and family collide: Deciding between competing role demands. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 90(2): 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00519-8
Gurstein, P. (2001): Wired to the World: Chained to the Home: Telework in Daily Life. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Hamouche, S. – Parent-Lamarche, A. (2022): Teleworkers’ job performance: a study examining the role of age as an important diversity component of companies’ workforce. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance 10(2): 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-03-2022-0057
Handy, S. L. – Mokhtarian, P. L. (1996): The Future of Telecommuting. Futures 28(3): 227–240.
Harpaz, I. (2002): Advantages and Disadvantages of Telecommuting for the Individual, Organization and Society. Work Study 51(2): 74–80.
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71/2020 (III. 27.) korm. rendelet. Elérhető: https://magyarkozlony.hu/dokumentumok/19f1d27b1584ffb22ff468a3635013b9f1813b5e/megtekintes
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Published
2025-09-24
How to Cite
LigetiA. S., Stefkovics Ádám, RudasS., & KoltaiJ. (2025). The long-term social impacts of COVID-19: The case of home office. Hungarian Review of Sociology, 35(3), 4-27. https://doi.org/10.51624/SzocSzemle.18547
Issue
Section
Studies
