Hogyan igazodjunk el a mesterséges intelligencia munkaerőpiaci hatásait övező zajban?
Absztrakt
Az írás a szakirodalom kritikai elemzésével és anekdotikus példákkal mutatja be a mesterséges intelligencia (AI) munkaerőpiacra gyakorolt hatásának értékelését nehezítő „zajt”. Elemzi az AI fejlődésének időbeli alakulásával, a humán munkaerőt helyettesítő képességével, valamint a termelékenységi és a képességkülönbségeket kiegyenlítő hatásával kapcsolatos, egymásnak ellentmondó következtetéseket és előrejelzéseket. Bemutatja, hogy bár az AI páratlanul gyors fejlődése következtében egyre több feladat automatizálható, az AI-alapmodellek elvi képességei és az automatizálható munkafeladatok tényleges automatizálása közötti összefüggés nem lineáris. A technológia foglalkoztatási hatása munkakörönként eltérő módon és számos tényező kölcsönhatásának eredményeként alakul majd. A tanulmány a munkagazdaságtan „skill-biased technological change” tételét, a munkaerőpiaci keresletnek a technológiai fejlődés hatására bekövetkező, a képzettek javára történő eltolódását kimondó tételt az AI korszakára alkalmazza. Megállapítja, hogy mivel a diplomás munkaerő által végzett tudásigényes feladatok automatizálása egyre könnyebb, és az automatizálható feladatok száma gyorsan bővül, az AI ezúttal a magasan képzettek körén belül vált ki hasonló hatást. A kereslet várhatóan nemcsak a tapasztalatlan frissdiplomások, hanem általában az alacsony-közepes képességű diplomások iránt is csökkenni fog. A felsőfokú képzettséget igénylő munkakörökben páratlan mértékben felerősödik az állásokért folytatott verseny. A legkiválóbbak választódnak ki, ami egyúttal azt jelenti, hogy a csupán jó (korrekt) teljesítményt nyújtó diplomás foglalkoztatottak – társadalmi és egyéni szinten egyaránt jelentős ráfordításokkal megszerzett – képzettségét és képességeit az AI elértékteleníti. A képzettség elértéktelenedése az oktatási rendszer jelen szerkezetének válságát vetíti előre, az elértéktelenedő képességek pedig egyéni (identitásbeli és egzisztenciális) és társadalmi válságot.
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