A deglobalizáció mítosza: a nemzetközi összekapcsoltság változó formái a 20–21. században

Béla Tomka

doi:10.18414/KSZ.2026.9.1056

Tomka Béla SZTE Jelenkortörténeti Tanszék

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18414/KSZ.2026.9.1056

Kulcsszavak: globalizáció, deglobalizáció, a két világháború közötti időszak, 2008 utáni korszak, globális interdependencia, kulturális globalizáció

Absztrakt

A tanulmány a deglobalizáció fogalmának történeti és empirikus érvényességét vizsgálja a 20–21. század azon két időszakában, amelyekre a szakirodalom és a közbeszéd a leggyakrabban hivatkozik deglobalizációs periódusként: a két világháború közötti időszakban és a 2008 utáni években. Kiindulópontja, hogy a deglobalizáció fogalma csak akkor használható meggyőzően, ha nem pusztán egyes áramlások lassulása vagy átrendeződése, hanem a globalizáció egészének visszaesése mutatható ki. A tanulmány ezért a globalizációt nem kizárólag gazdasági folyamatként értelmezi, hanem a határokon átnyúló kapcsolatok bővüléseként, a kölcsönös függések erősödéseként és a globális tudat terjedéseként. Az elemzés arra jut, hogy a két világháború közötti korszakban gazdasági értelemben valóban megfigyelhető volt deglobalizáció, ugyanakkor a kulturális és politikai dimenziókban a világméretű összekapcsoltság bővült, s emellett a kölcsönös függés és a globális tudat is erősödött. A 2008 utáni időszakban pedig a gazdasági globalizáció terén is legfeljebb lassulás, stagnálás és szelektív átrendeződés érzékelhető, miközben a kulturális globalizáció nagy ütemben haladt előre; emellett a globális interdependencia és annak társadalmi tudatosulása is világméretekben erősödött. A tanulmány következtetése szerint a deglobalizáció átfogó történeti kategóriaként félrevezető lehet: a 20–21. század vizsgált időszakaiban pontosabb a globalizáció átrendeződéséről és konfliktusos újraszerveződéséről beszélni.

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