A világgazdaság dezintegrálódása és a kis országok
Abstract
This paper examines the consequences of the reversal of the integration process that characterised the world economy for eight decades. It explores the factors that suggest a turning point in this trend and addresses issues that require global regulation and even global governance. Finally, it investigates what small countries with limited bargaining power can do to promote and protect their interests. The analysis is conducted within the well-established framework of international political economy. Its novelty lies in the five economic and political policy recommendations formulated in the concluding section.
References
Baldwin, R. (2026). World war trade: Conflict containment and emerging world trade order. CEPR Press. https://cepr.org/publications/books-and-reports/world-war-trade-conflict-containment-and-emergent-world-trading
Bara, Z., & Csaba, L. (Eds.). (2000). Small economies’ adjustment to global tendencies. Aula Kiadó for EACES.
Bayer, J. (2025). A deglobalizáció határai. Magyar Tudomány, 186(10), 1927–1935. https://doi.org/10.1556/2065.186.2025.10.7
Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. (Eds.). (2026). The globalization of world politics (10th edition). Oxford University Press.
Beattie, A. (2026, March 23). How attacks on ‘most favoured nation’ weaken unfavoured WTO. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/1878b49a-ebda-40f4-82a4-2aa7c485691f?syn-25a6b1a6=1
Békés, M. (2026). Világrendszerváltás. Kommentár Kiadó.
Bonino, M., Carota, M., & Marri, S. A. (2025). New Silk Road: The architecture of the Belt and Road Initiative. Walter de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035626735
Bown, C. P., & Keynes, S. (2026). How to win a trade war? Simon & Schuster.
Bugajski, J. (Ed.). (2002). Towards an understanding of Russia. Council on Foreign Relations. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/book/buj01/buj01_front.pdf
Chen, K.-J., & Zhao, T. (2025). China’s macroeconomic development: The role of gradualist reforms. Journal of Economic Literature, 63(4), 1331–1362. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20251631
Christiansen, C. O. (2026). Designing global economic equality: The making and unmaking of global egalitarian politics at the United Nations: An intellectual history. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197811498.001.0001
Cooley, A., & Nexon, D. (2026). The age of kleptocracy: Geopolitical power, private gain. Foreign Affairs, 106(4-5). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/age-kleptocracy-cooley-nexon
Csaba, L. (1994). Az összeomlás forgatókönyvei. Figyelő Kiadói Rt.
Csaba, L. (2026). A globális illiberalizmus arculatai. In Szanyi, M., Szunomár, Á., & Török, Á. (szerk.), Trendek és töréspontok (VII. köt.). Akadémiai Kiadó. (Megjelenés alatt.)
Dallago, B., & Casagrande, S. (Eds.). (2023). Routledge handbook of comparative economic systems. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003144366
Doshi, R. (2024). A hosszú játszma: Kína átfogó stratégiája az amerikai világrend leváltására. Osiris Kiadó. (Eredeti kiadás: 2021.)
Dworkin, A., Loss, R., & Puglieri, J. (2026, February 12). After the rupture. European Coun-cil on Foreign Relations, Policy Brief. https://ecfr.eu/publication/after-the-rupture-middle-powers-and-the-construction-of-new-order/
Erdős, T. (2006). Növekedési potenciál és gazdaságpolitika. Akadémiai Kiadó.
European Council. (2026). One Europe, one market. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2026/03/19/
Foster, J. (2026, April 24). War is the new normal. The Battleground.
Fukuyama, F. (1994). A történelem vége és az utolsó ember. Európa Kiadó. (Eredeti kiadás: 1989.)
Fukuyama, F. (2023). Liberalism and its discontents. Profile Books.
Gopinath, C. (2023). Globalization: A multi-dimensional system. Edward Elgar.
Győrffy, D. (2025). A normák nélküli világrend. Külgazdaság, 69(1-2), 46–50. https://doi.org/10.47630/KULG.2025.69.1-2.46
Halmai, P. (2025). Globalizáció vagy deglobalizáció? Magyar Tudomány, 186(10), 1898–1910. https://doi.org/10.1556/2065.186.2025.10.4
Heinkelmann-Wild, T. (2026). De-coding America First: Trump’s contestation of interna-tional institutions and its consequences. International Affairs, 102(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaf231
Kádár, B. (1971). Kis országok a világgazdaságban. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó.
Kollmorgen, R., Merkel, W., & Wagener, H.-J. (Eds.). (2019). The handbook of political, social and economic transformation. Oxford University Press.
Krizsán, A., & Zentai, V. (Eds.). (2003). Reshaping globalization. CEU Press.
Lardy, N. (2025, December). Does a weak safety net hold back private consumption in China? Peterson Institute for International Economics, Policy Brief, No. 7. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5963695
Lissner, R., & Rapp-Hooper, M. (2026). The false promise of flexible realism. Foreign Affairs, 106(3). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/iran/false-promise-flexible-realism
Mátyás, L. (Ed.). (2022). Emerging market economies after the pandemic: Stuck in the middle income trap? Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93963-2
McMahon, D. (2026). Beijing’s growth model is still broken. Foreign Affairs, 105(1). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/beijings-growth-model-still-broken-dinny-mcmahon
Mérő, K., & Piroska, D. (2017). Bankunió és banknacionalizmus: A magyar eset kelet-közép-európai kontextusban. Politikatudományi Szemle, 26(1), 135–160. https://real.mtak.hu/136132/1/mp.pdf
Nagy, S. Gy. (Ed.). (2025). The economics of regional integration. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003506423
Nordhaus, W. D. (2023). The people and the experts (NBER Working Paper, No. 31217). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w31217
Pei, M. (2026). The broken China dream: How reform revived totalitarianism. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.29871091
Pope, A. (2026, February 12). The myths and realities of global migration [Podcast]. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/myths-and-realities-global-migration
Posen, A. (2025). The new economic geography. Foreign Affairs, 104(4). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/new-economic-geography-posen
Prasad, E. (2026). Doom loop: Why the world economic order is spiralling into disorder. Basic Books. https://thedoomloopbook.com/
Rodrik, D. (2025). Shared prosperity for a fractured world. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691268330
Rodrik, D. (2026, February 10). The world needs Europe getting its act together–fast. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/world-needs-europe-as-alternative-model-to-us-and-china-by-dani-rodrik-2026-02
Rodrik, D., Hanson, G., & Sandhu, R. (2026, January 6). The global economic transformation will be local. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/global-economic-transformation-must-be-locally-led-by-gordon-hanson-et-al-2026-01
Schake, K. (2025). Dispensable nation: America in the post-American world. Foreign Affairs, 104(4). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/dispensable-nation-schake
Sinha, J. (2026, March 31). Threatening global finance. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trump-attacks-on-fed-sec-ftc-independence-threaten-global-financial-system-by-jayant-sinha-2026-03
Son, D. (2025). China’s strategic opportunity in the era of America First. International Affairs, 101(5), 1899–1912. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaf140
Stiglitz, J. E. (2017). Globalization and its discontents revisited: Anti-globalization in the era of Trump. W. W. Norton.
Szunomár, Á. (2026). The green leap forward? State capitalism, industrial policy and the limits of green transformation in China. Post-Communist Economies, 38 https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2026.2678413
Winnefeld, J. A. S. (2026). The principal challenge: Arresting the decline of the global operating system. Orbis Journal of World Affairs, 69(1), 18–25. https://orbisjournal.org/commentary/the-principle-challenge-arresting-the-decline-of-the-global-operating-system/

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.






