Hybrid Warfare– NATO Dilemmas and Responses
Abstract
Articles 3 (effective self-help), 4 (consultation), and 5 (collective defence) of the North Atlantic Treaty. Although NATO is well aware of the magnitude of the problem, the Russian hybrid activity has been constantly growing over the past decade. Why is NATO’s deterrence not working more effectively? What is impeding more effective individual and collective actions? This article outlines some of the most important dilemmas, limitations, and presents possible lines of efforts including conceivable responses from the perspective of both NATO as an organization and the memberstates, based on the situation in spring 2026. All this is done primarily in the context of Russia, which is currently the most influential, but by no means the only or exclusive actor.
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