Conservation and Management of the Carniolan Honey Bee (Apis mellifera carnica) in Slovenia

Abstract

The Carniolan honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica) is an indigenous Slovenian subspecies with a long tradition and considerable importance for agriculture and ecosystem functioning. In Slovenia, it is legally protected, as only this subspecies may be bred, ensuring the preservation of its genetic integrity. It is characterized by gentleness, high productivity and adaptability, traits that have contributed to its widespread use worldwide. Beekeeping is an important agricultural activity in Slovenia; more than 12,000 beekeepers manage approximately 210,000 bee colonies, evenly distributed across the country. The number of colonies and queens has increased in recent years, suggesting positive population trends and potential effectiveness of breeding and conservation measures. Beyond the production of honey and other bee products, the principal contribution of honey bees is pollination, a vital ecosystem service that supports biodiversity and agricultural productivity. Consequently, the conservation of the Carniolan honey bee is essential for sustainable agriculture, ecosystem stability, and food security.

This article examines the status, population trends, and conservation of the Carniolan honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica) in Slovenia based on national statistical data and registry records. Particular attention is given to its spatial distribution, breeding practices, and honey production dynamics during the period 2010–2025.