Az ember általi környezet-átalakítás és az ivarváltás evolúciós ökológiája kétéltűeknél
Absztrakt
Napjainkban az ökológia, az evolúcióbiológia és a természetvédelem számára kiemelkedően fontos azoknak a biológiai változásoknak a megértése, amelyek révén az élőlények megbirkóznak az ember általi környezet-átalakítás kihívásaival. Dolgozatom ezt a kérdéskört vizsgálja a változó testhőmérsékletű gerinces állatok, azon belül is elsősorban a kétéltűek szempontjából, melyeknek számos faja veszélyeztetett. A dolgozatban áttekintett kísérletek és terepi megfigyelések sora igazolta, hogy a kémiai környezetszennyezésnek kitett területeken élő barnavarangy-populációk az ember által átalakított környezetre számos élettani változással reagálnak, melyek hatékonyabb védekezést tesznek lehetővé a környezeti stresszhatásokkal szemben. Kiderült továbbá, hogy az erdei béka hazai populációiban, különösen a városi és mezőgazdasági területeken gyakori az ivarváltás, azaz a genetikailag nőstény egyedek egy része hím fenotípusú. Ennek oka részben a hőhullámokban keresendő, és a hőség által indukált ivarváltás a rátermettség csökkenésével jár együtt. Emellett az elméleti modellezéssel végzett vizsgálataink kimutatták, hogy az ivarváltás bekövetkezésének esélye, valamint populációdinamikai és evolúciós következményei függenek az ivari kromoszómák típusától és a párválasztási preferenciáktól. Ezek az eredmények rávilágítanak a kémiai környezetszennyezés, a klímaváltozás és a városi hősziget-effektus potenciális következményeinek sokrétűségére, amelyek különös mértékben fenyegetik a környezeti hatásokra érzékeny ivari fejlődésű állatfajok fennmaradását.
Hivatkozások
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