Az inváziós fajok gazdasági költségei
Absztrakt
Az inváziós fajok gazdasági költségeinek kérdésköre szemléletes példája a közgazdasági értelemben vett „puha költségvetési korlát” jelenségének. Tanulmányunk azt vizsgálja, hogyan vezet a probléma kezelésére irányuló stratégiai döntések halogatása olyan helyzethez, amelyben a kezdetben csekélynek tűnő gondok később exponenciális ütemben súlyosbodnak, jelentős gazdasági károkat és visszafordíthatatlan természeti veszteségeket okozva. A Kornai János által kidolgozott elméleti keretet felhasználva bemutatjuk, hogy a gazdasági szereplők és a döntéshozók miért nem érzik a korai megelőzés sürgető kényszerét, és miként járul hozzá a „megmentő mechanizmusok” iránti hamis bizalom a biológiai inváziók terjedéséhez és súlyosbodásához. Különféle költségbecslési módszereket mutatunk be a közvetlen gazdasági károk felmérésétől a bioökonómiai modellekig, hangsúlyozva a nem piaci értékek alábecsülésének következményeit. Globális és regionális példákkal illusztráljuk, hogy a hiányos monitorozási rendszerek, a politikai prioritások és egyes érdekcsoportok lobbizása miként puhítja tovább a költségvetési korlátokat. Végül olyan szakpolitikai ajánlásokat fogalmazunk meg, amelyek elősegíthetik keményebb költségvetési korlátok kialakítását, előmozdítva a korai megelőzést és ezzel a hosszú távú ökológiai és gazdasági fenntarthatóságot.
Hivatkozások
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