A jogképesség ‘árnyalatai’
A polgári jogi jogalanyiság fogalmának kiterjesztő értelmezése felé?
Kulcsszavak:
jogképesség kezdete, terhesség-megszakítás, magzati jogalanyiság, anyatesten kívüli embrió, in vitro fertilizáció
Absztrakt
A tanulmány célja az emberi jogképesség kezdetével kapcsolatos újabb jelenségeknek a bemutatása a terhesség-megszakítás és az in vitro fertilizáció területén. Ezek elsősorban az Egyesült Államok jogalkotásában és joggyakorlatában merültek fel az utóbbi években, és ismét felszínre hozták a ʻpro life’ és ʻpro choice’ vitákat. A 2022-es Dobbs-ügyben a szövetségi Supreme Court megváltoztatta az évtizedek óta fennálló gyakorlatot a terhesség-megszakítás területén, amely alapvető változásokat hozott tagállami szinten. Ebből fakadóan az anyatesten kívüli művi megtermékenyítés esetén is komoly kérdések merülnek fel az in vitro embrió jogi státusza vonatkozásában.
A jogi szabályozás és a joggyakorlat általában külön kezeli e két témakört, a tanulmány ugyanakkor rávilágít arra, hogy nem koherens a jogi környezet akkor, ha az embrió jogi státusza, az ember jogalanyiságának kezdete attól a ténytől függ, hogy az embrió fizikailag hol helyezkedik el, az anyatesten belül vagy az anyatesten kívül. Mind a jogi szabályozás, mind a joggyakorlat felmutat olyan tendenciákat, amelyek a magzat vagy az embrió személy mivoltát emelik ki, kiterjesztve rájuk a polgári jogi jogalanyiságot valamilyen formában. Noha egységes álláspont nincsen, de az életvédő nézőpontok jogilag is egyre hangsúlyosabban fogalmazódnak meg.
Hivatkozások
Adashi, Eli Y. – Daniel P. O'Mahoney – I. Glenn Cohen: Assisted Reproduction Post-Dobbs: The Prospect of Legislative Protection. Fertility & Sterility Reports, Vol. 4., No. 2. (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xfre.2023.02.005
Baker, Jennifer: The War of Words: How Fundamentalist Rhetoric Threatens Reproductive Autonomy. University of San Francisco Law Review, Vol. 43., No. 3. (2009)
Bayefsky, Michelle J.: Protecting Access to Infertility Treatment in a Post‑Dobbs United States. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, Vol. 41., No. 7. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-024-03158-x
Beckmann, Rainer: OLG Rostock: Herausgabe von imprägnierten Eizellen nach dem Tode des Mannes. Zeitschrift für Lebensrecht, 2010/2.
Belova, Gabriela: Some Remarks on the Legal Status of Human Embryo. Kutafin Law Review, Vol. 6., No. 1. (2019) https://doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395-2019-1-11-002-012
Bernat, Erwin: Reproduktionsmedizin. (Aktuelle Rechtsprechung in Leitsätzen.) Recht der Medizin, 2010/4.
Brown, Barry: Reconciling Property Law with Advances in Reproductive Science. Stanford Law & Policy Review, Vol. 6. No. 2. (1995)
Cahn, Naomi R.: Test Tube Families: Why the Fertility Market Needs Legal Regulation. New York, NYU Press, 2009.
Carbone, June – Cahn, Naomi: Embryo Fundamentalism. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Vol. 18., No. 4. (2010)
Csehi, Zoltán – Navratyil, Zoltán: A személyek joga a 2013. évi V. törvény alapján: Az új Polgári Törvénykönyv szövegének rövid magyarázata. Budapest, Menedzser Praxis, 2013.
Dalí, Salvador: Egy zseni naplója. Budapest, Helikon, 2019.
Dinan, John: The Constitutional Politics of Abortion Policy after Dobbs: State Courts, Constitutions, and Lawmaking. Montana Law Review, Vol. 84., No. 1. (2023)
Dingler, Mary Joy: Family Law’s Coldest War: The Battle for Frozen Embryos and the Need for a Statutory White Flag. Seattle University Law Review, Vol. 43. (2019)
Erwin, Consuelo G.: Embryonic Stem Cell Research: One Small Step for Science or One Giant Leap Back for Mankind? University of Illinois Law Review, No. 1. (2003)
Feinberg, Eva C. et al.: An Egg is Not a Chicken and an Embryo is not a Child. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 121., No. 5. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.03.013
Feinberg, Rebecca: Transcript: The Future of IVF Post Dobbs. Journal of Law and Health, Vol. 37., No. 1. (2023)
Frazier, Tracy J.: Of Property and Procreation: Oregon’s Place in the National Debate over Frozen Embryo Disputes. Oregon Law Review, Vol. 88., No. 3. (2009)
Friedelbaum, Stanley H.: Reassessing Family Relations Law: Issues and Inquiries in the States Courts. Albany Law Review, Vol. 68., No. 2. (2005)
Frivaldszky, János: Az ember jogalanyiságának, életéhez és méltóságához való joga a kortárs katolikus természetjogi alapú jogfilozófiai megközelítésben. Acta Humana, 2020/4. https://doi.org/10.32566/ah.2020.4.2
Furlow, Bryant: Alabama Supreme Court’s “Extrauterine Children” Decision Alarms Oncologists and Fertility Experts. The Lancet, Vol. 25., No. 4. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00139-6
Ginod, Perrine – Dahan, Michael H.: Embryos as Unborn Children: the Alabama Supreme Court's Ruling and its Possible Impact for Legal Rulings in Other States. Fertility & Sterility Reports, Vol. 5., No. 2. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xfre.2024.03.006
Grant, Edward. R.: The Short-lived Verdict in Le Page v Center for Reproductive Medicine: Why ‘Personhood’ Matters in the Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Medical Law Review, Vol. 32., No. 3. (2023) https://doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwae020
Hámori, Antal: Javaslat a még meg nem született emberi lény életének fokozottabb védelme érdekében. Jogelméleti Szemle, 2022/1. https://doi.org/10.59558/jesz.2022.1.36
Hermer, Laura: Intentional Parenthood, Contingent Fetal Personhood, and the Right to Reproductive Self-Determination. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Vol. 57., No. 2. (2024) https://doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.57.2.intentional
Interactive Map: US Abortion Policies and Access After Roe. https://states.guttmacher.org/policies/
Jobbágyi, Gábor: Az élet joga. Budapest, Szent István Társulat, 2004.
Jordan, Monika: The Post-Dobbs World: How the Implementation of FetalPersonhood Laws Will Affect In Vitro Fertilization. UIC Law Review, Vol. 57., No. 2. (2024)
Leffell, Deborah J.: How ART Exceptionalism Exposes the Pretense of Fetal Personhood. New York University Law Review, Vol. 99., No. 1. (2024)
Lesham, Ela A.: Dead Bodies as Quasi-Persons. Vanderbilt Law Review, Vol. 77., No. 4. (2024)
Letterie, Gerard – Fox, Dov: Legal personhood and frozen embryos: implications for fertility patients and providers in post-Roe America. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Vol. 10., No. 1. (2023) https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsad006
Linton, Paul Benjamin: In Vitro Fertilization, State Wrongful Death Statutes and State Fetal Homicide Statutes: The Reaction to LePage v. Center for Reproductive Medicine. Issues in Law & Medicine, Vol. 39., No. 1. (2024)
Macintosh, Kerry Lynn: Dobbs, Abortion Laws, and In Vitro Fertilization. Journal of Health Care Law and Policy, Vol. 26., No. 1. (2023)
Merrick, Janna C. – Blank, Robert H.: Reproductive Issues in America: a Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, ABC–CLIO, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216984825
Molnár, Sarolta: US Constitution and the Notion of Family. The Risks of the Supreme Court’s Judicial Activism through Family and Privacy Cases. Pázmány Law Review, Vol. 11. (2024) https://doi.org/10.55019/plr.2024.1.81-99
Murray, Sara: The Frozen Ones: Disputes, Divorces, and Dispositions. Florida Law Review, Vol. 75., No. 3 (2023)
Rebouche, Rachel – Ziegler, Mary: Fracture: Abortion Law and Politics after Dobbs. SMU Law Review, Vol. 76., No. 1 (2023) https://doi.org/10.25172/smulr.76.1.8
Robertson, John A.: Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1996.
Rosen, Aliza: Important Abortion Cases in a Holding Pattern Following SCOTUS Decisions. (Published: July 03, 2024) https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2024/scotus–mifepristone–and–emtala–decisions–explained
Sazdovska, Ivana: The Moral Status of the Fetus and the Concept of Personhood. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, Vol. 57., No. 1. (2021)
Sciorio, Romualdo – Esteves, Sandro C.: Contemporary Use of ICSI and Epigenetic Risks to Future Generations. Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 11., No. 8. (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11082135
Silver, Lee M. – Silver, Susan Remis: Confused Heritage and the Absurdity of Genetic Ownership. Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 11., No. 3. (1998)
Soohoo, Cynthia: An Embryo is not a Person: Rejecting Prenatal Personhood for a More Complex View of Prenatal Life. ConLawNOW, Vol. 14. (2023)
Strathman, Lyle R.: Personhood Refutes Legalized Abortion. The Human Life Review, Vol. 50., No. 1. (2024)
Suter, Sonia – Cahn, Naomi: Lawmakers Rushed to Protect IVF in Alabama – Why wasn’t Abortion Afforded the Same Urgency? The British Medical Journal, 08 March 2024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q581
The Law Dictionary – Featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Law Dictionary 2nd ed. http://thelawdictionary.org/juridical–person/
Vicsek, Lilla – Sándor, Judit – Bauer, Zsófia: The Human Embryo: Mapping Patients’ Ethical Decisions in Hungary. Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics, Vol. 7. No. 2. (2021) https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v7i2.780
Vörös, Judit: Az emberi embrió szabályozásának kérdéseiről. De Iurisprudentia et Iure Publico, 2012/4.
Vrtacnik, Urban: (Legal) Status of Embryo in Biomedically Assisted Procreation. In: Clark, Peter– Dogan, Kamil Hakan (szerk.): Contemporary Issues in Clinical Bioethics – Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives. IntechOpen, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002201
Wade, Allyson: Using Contract Law to Resolve Frozen Pre-Embryo Disputes. Maryland Law Review, Vol. 81., No. 3. (2022)
Waters, Emma: Taming IVF's Wild West. The New Atlantis, Vol. 76. (Spring 2024)
Baker, Jennifer: The War of Words: How Fundamentalist Rhetoric Threatens Reproductive Autonomy. University of San Francisco Law Review, Vol. 43., No. 3. (2009)
Bayefsky, Michelle J.: Protecting Access to Infertility Treatment in a Post‑Dobbs United States. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, Vol. 41., No. 7. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-024-03158-x
Beckmann, Rainer: OLG Rostock: Herausgabe von imprägnierten Eizellen nach dem Tode des Mannes. Zeitschrift für Lebensrecht, 2010/2.
Belova, Gabriela: Some Remarks on the Legal Status of Human Embryo. Kutafin Law Review, Vol. 6., No. 1. (2019) https://doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395-2019-1-11-002-012
Bernat, Erwin: Reproduktionsmedizin. (Aktuelle Rechtsprechung in Leitsätzen.) Recht der Medizin, 2010/4.
Brown, Barry: Reconciling Property Law with Advances in Reproductive Science. Stanford Law & Policy Review, Vol. 6. No. 2. (1995)
Cahn, Naomi R.: Test Tube Families: Why the Fertility Market Needs Legal Regulation. New York, NYU Press, 2009.
Carbone, June – Cahn, Naomi: Embryo Fundamentalism. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Vol. 18., No. 4. (2010)
Csehi, Zoltán – Navratyil, Zoltán: A személyek joga a 2013. évi V. törvény alapján: Az új Polgári Törvénykönyv szövegének rövid magyarázata. Budapest, Menedzser Praxis, 2013.
Dalí, Salvador: Egy zseni naplója. Budapest, Helikon, 2019.
Dinan, John: The Constitutional Politics of Abortion Policy after Dobbs: State Courts, Constitutions, and Lawmaking. Montana Law Review, Vol. 84., No. 1. (2023)
Dingler, Mary Joy: Family Law’s Coldest War: The Battle for Frozen Embryos and the Need for a Statutory White Flag. Seattle University Law Review, Vol. 43. (2019)
Erwin, Consuelo G.: Embryonic Stem Cell Research: One Small Step for Science or One Giant Leap Back for Mankind? University of Illinois Law Review, No. 1. (2003)
Feinberg, Eva C. et al.: An Egg is Not a Chicken and an Embryo is not a Child. Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 121., No. 5. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.03.013
Feinberg, Rebecca: Transcript: The Future of IVF Post Dobbs. Journal of Law and Health, Vol. 37., No. 1. (2023)
Frazier, Tracy J.: Of Property and Procreation: Oregon’s Place in the National Debate over Frozen Embryo Disputes. Oregon Law Review, Vol. 88., No. 3. (2009)
Friedelbaum, Stanley H.: Reassessing Family Relations Law: Issues and Inquiries in the States Courts. Albany Law Review, Vol. 68., No. 2. (2005)
Frivaldszky, János: Az ember jogalanyiságának, életéhez és méltóságához való joga a kortárs katolikus természetjogi alapú jogfilozófiai megközelítésben. Acta Humana, 2020/4. https://doi.org/10.32566/ah.2020.4.2
Furlow, Bryant: Alabama Supreme Court’s “Extrauterine Children” Decision Alarms Oncologists and Fertility Experts. The Lancet, Vol. 25., No. 4. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00139-6
Ginod, Perrine – Dahan, Michael H.: Embryos as Unborn Children: the Alabama Supreme Court's Ruling and its Possible Impact for Legal Rulings in Other States. Fertility & Sterility Reports, Vol. 5., No. 2. (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xfre.2024.03.006
Grant, Edward. R.: The Short-lived Verdict in Le Page v Center for Reproductive Medicine: Why ‘Personhood’ Matters in the Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Medical Law Review, Vol. 32., No. 3. (2023) https://doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwae020
Hámori, Antal: Javaslat a még meg nem született emberi lény életének fokozottabb védelme érdekében. Jogelméleti Szemle, 2022/1. https://doi.org/10.59558/jesz.2022.1.36
Hermer, Laura: Intentional Parenthood, Contingent Fetal Personhood, and the Right to Reproductive Self-Determination. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Vol. 57., No. 2. (2024) https://doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.57.2.intentional
Interactive Map: US Abortion Policies and Access After Roe. https://states.guttmacher.org/policies/
Jobbágyi, Gábor: Az élet joga. Budapest, Szent István Társulat, 2004.
Jordan, Monika: The Post-Dobbs World: How the Implementation of FetalPersonhood Laws Will Affect In Vitro Fertilization. UIC Law Review, Vol. 57., No. 2. (2024)
Leffell, Deborah J.: How ART Exceptionalism Exposes the Pretense of Fetal Personhood. New York University Law Review, Vol. 99., No. 1. (2024)
Lesham, Ela A.: Dead Bodies as Quasi-Persons. Vanderbilt Law Review, Vol. 77., No. 4. (2024)
Letterie, Gerard – Fox, Dov: Legal personhood and frozen embryos: implications for fertility patients and providers in post-Roe America. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Vol. 10., No. 1. (2023) https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsad006
Linton, Paul Benjamin: In Vitro Fertilization, State Wrongful Death Statutes and State Fetal Homicide Statutes: The Reaction to LePage v. Center for Reproductive Medicine. Issues in Law & Medicine, Vol. 39., No. 1. (2024)
Macintosh, Kerry Lynn: Dobbs, Abortion Laws, and In Vitro Fertilization. Journal of Health Care Law and Policy, Vol. 26., No. 1. (2023)
Merrick, Janna C. – Blank, Robert H.: Reproductive Issues in America: a Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, ABC–CLIO, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216984825
Molnár, Sarolta: US Constitution and the Notion of Family. The Risks of the Supreme Court’s Judicial Activism through Family and Privacy Cases. Pázmány Law Review, Vol. 11. (2024) https://doi.org/10.55019/plr.2024.1.81-99
Murray, Sara: The Frozen Ones: Disputes, Divorces, and Dispositions. Florida Law Review, Vol. 75., No. 3 (2023)
Rebouche, Rachel – Ziegler, Mary: Fracture: Abortion Law and Politics after Dobbs. SMU Law Review, Vol. 76., No. 1 (2023) https://doi.org/10.25172/smulr.76.1.8
Robertson, John A.: Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1996.
Rosen, Aliza: Important Abortion Cases in a Holding Pattern Following SCOTUS Decisions. (Published: July 03, 2024) https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2024/scotus–mifepristone–and–emtala–decisions–explained
Sazdovska, Ivana: The Moral Status of the Fetus and the Concept of Personhood. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, Vol. 57., No. 1. (2021)
Sciorio, Romualdo – Esteves, Sandro C.: Contemporary Use of ICSI and Epigenetic Risks to Future Generations. Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 11., No. 8. (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11082135
Silver, Lee M. – Silver, Susan Remis: Confused Heritage and the Absurdity of Genetic Ownership. Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 11., No. 3. (1998)
Soohoo, Cynthia: An Embryo is not a Person: Rejecting Prenatal Personhood for a More Complex View of Prenatal Life. ConLawNOW, Vol. 14. (2023)
Strathman, Lyle R.: Personhood Refutes Legalized Abortion. The Human Life Review, Vol. 50., No. 1. (2024)
Suter, Sonia – Cahn, Naomi: Lawmakers Rushed to Protect IVF in Alabama – Why wasn’t Abortion Afforded the Same Urgency? The British Medical Journal, 08 March 2024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q581
The Law Dictionary – Featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Law Dictionary 2nd ed. http://thelawdictionary.org/juridical–person/
Vicsek, Lilla – Sándor, Judit – Bauer, Zsófia: The Human Embryo: Mapping Patients’ Ethical Decisions in Hungary. Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics, Vol. 7. No. 2. (2021) https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v7i2.780
Vörös, Judit: Az emberi embrió szabályozásának kérdéseiről. De Iurisprudentia et Iure Publico, 2012/4.
Vrtacnik, Urban: (Legal) Status of Embryo in Biomedically Assisted Procreation. In: Clark, Peter– Dogan, Kamil Hakan (szerk.): Contemporary Issues in Clinical Bioethics – Medical, Ethical and Legal Perspectives. IntechOpen, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002201
Wade, Allyson: Using Contract Law to Resolve Frozen Pre-Embryo Disputes. Maryland Law Review, Vol. 81., No. 3. (2022)
Waters, Emma: Taming IVF's Wild West. The New Atlantis, Vol. 76. (Spring 2024)
Megjelent
2025-04-04
Folyóirat szám
Rovat
Acta
Copyright (c) 2025 Zoltán Navratyil
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
