Reflections on the Role of Lay Christian Faithful in Promoting Peace

Keywords: Catholic Church, peacebuilding, lay faithful, crisis management

Abstract

The Catholic Church played an active role in promoting peace in the twentieth century. PopeFrancis has explicitly made peace the most important mission of the Church, which uses itsspecific means to build peace. The study focuses specifically on the position of lay faithful inpeace-building. It hypothesises that Pope Francis’ reform has contributed to the fulfilment ofconciliar principles. He reflects on a serious startegy and envisions a Church that uses itsown specific capacities to promote peace. In this, lay faithful, by virtue of their Catholicidentity and expertise, have a crucial role to play. This paper provides also a historicalperspective, presenting how the role of the laity and the notion of peace promotion developedand how the two came to be interacting.

References

Agbonkhianmeghe Orobator E. (szerk.) 2011. Reconciliation, justice, and peace: the Second African Synod. Maryknoll: Orbis.

Aumann, Jordan 1988. The Role of the Laity in the Church and in the World. Angelicum, 2 (65): 157–169.

XV. Benedek 1918. Enc., Quad iam diu. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 3. (10): 473–474.

XV. Benedek 1931. Ex., Ubi primum. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 8. (23): 285–312.

XVI. Benedek 2006. Enc. Deus Caritas est. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 3 (98): 217–279.

XVI. Benedek 2012. Ex. Post. Syn. Ecclesia in Medio Oriente. https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_ben-xvi_exh_20120914_ecclesia-in-medio-oriente.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 21.)

XVI. Benedek: Discorso ai partecipanti alla XXIV assemblea plenaria del Pontificio Consiglio Per I Laici. https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/it/speeches/2010/may/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20100521_pc-laici.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 21.)

XVI. Benedek 2014. Ex. Post. Syn. Africae munus. https://ec.cef.fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/05/2011_11_19africae_munus.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 21.)

Bihlmayer, Karl, Hermann, Tüchle 1987. Kirchengeschichte. Der Neuzeit und die neueste Zeit. Padernborn: Wissenschaftliche Handbibliothek, eine Sammlung theologischer Lehrbüche.

Browne, William 1962. The Missions and the Social Apostolate. The Furrow, 7 (13): 403–412.

Cahill, Lisa Sowle 2010. Caritas in Veritate: Benedict’s Global Reorientation. Theological Studies, (71): 291–319.

https://doi.org/10.1177/004056391007100202

Christiansen, Drew 2006. Catholic Peacemaking, 1991–2005. The Legacy of Pope John Paul II. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 2 (4): 21–28.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2006.9523246

Christiansen, Drew 2010. Metaphysics and Society: A Commentary on Caritas in Veritate. Theological Studies, 1 (71): 3–28.

https://doi.org/10.1177/004056391007100102

Christiansen, Drew 2017. The Global Vision of Evangelii Gaudium Cultural Diversity as a Road to Peace. In Mannion Gerard (szerk.): Pope Francis and the Future of Catholicism Evangelii Gaudium and the Papal Agenda. 203–220. Cambridge: University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316529621.012

Coriden, James 2007. Parish Pastoral Leaders: Canonical Structures and Practical Questions. Jurist, 2 (67): 461–484.

https://doi.org/10.1353/jur.2007.0021

Curran, Charles E. 2004. The Teaching and Methodology of Pacem in Terris. Journal of Catholic Social Thought, 1 (1): 17–34.

https://doi.org/10.5840/jcathsoc2004113

Dalla Torre, Giuseppe 2008. La Caritas: Storia e natura giuridica. In Jesús Miñambres (szerk.): Diritto canonico e servizio della carità. 265–284. Milano: Giuffrè Editore.

Dal Pane, Luigi 1962. Riflessioni e pensieri sull'enciclica Mater et magistra. Giornale degli Economisti e Annali di Economia, 7/8 (21): 405–507.

De Gregorio, Laura 2016. Laudato si’: per un’ecologia autenticamente cristiana. Stato, Chiese e pluralismo confessionale, (41): 1–33.

Doyle, Dennis M. 2017. Pope Francis’s New Vision for the Church as Expressed in Evangelii Gaudium. In Mannion, Gerard (szerk.): Pope Francis and the Future of Catholicism Evangelii Gaudium and the Papal Agenda. 21–37. Cambridge, University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316529621.003

Grace, Séamus 1957. Pope Pius XII and the Lay Apostolate. The Furrow, 3 (8): 156–160.

De Franco, Chiara 2020. Papal Diplomacy and the Rise of Pontifex. In. Barbato, Mariano P (szerk.): The Pope, the Public, and International Relations. 25-43. New York: Palgrava.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46107-2_2

Di Maio Tizianao 2018. Alcide De Gasperi and Konrad Adenauer: A New Approach. In Kosicki, Piotr, Łukasiewicz, Sławomir (szerk.): Christian Democracy Across the Iron Curtain: Europe Redefined. 57–91. New York: Palgrave.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64087-7_3

Engel-Janosi, Friedrich. The Roman Question in the First Years of Benedict XV. The Catholic Historical Review, 3 (40): 269–285.

Follo, Francesco é. n. La diplomazia pontificia, cioè del Papa e con il Papa. Diplomazia di Stato e Diplomazia di Chiesa. https://www.assau.org/IMG/pdf/la_diplomazia_pontificia_mons_francesco_follo.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 21.)

Ferenc pápa 2013. Ex. Ap., Evangelii gaudium. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 12 (105): 1019–1137.

Ferenc pápa 2020. Enc., Fratelli tutti. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20201003_enciclica-fratelli-tutti.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 21.)

Ferenc pápa a világiakhoz 2019. Ne rejtőzködjetek, bátran és merészen teljesítsétek küldetéseteket! 2023. július 3. Online: https://www.magyarkurir.hu/ferenc-papa/ferenc-papa-vilagiakhoz-ne-rejtozkodjetek-batran-es-mereszen-teljesitsetek-kuldeteseteket (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 21.)

Ferenc pápa a világi intézményekhez 2023. Ti vagytok az egyház világi mivoltának a szíve! 2023. július 3. Online: https://www.vaticannews.va/hu/papa/news/2023-02/papa-vilagiak-egyhaz-egyutt-kozos-kuldetes-karizma-egyuttjaras.html

Ferenc pápa 2013. Enc., Lumen Fidei. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 7 (105): 555–595.

Ferenc pápa 2015. Enc. Laudato Si’. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 9 (107): 847–945.

Fischl Vilmos 2006. Egyházi karitatív szervezetek szerepe a válságkezelésben. Kard és Toll, 2 (2): 92–101.

Flamini, Roland 2014. Peter and Caesar: Is Pope Francis Shifting The Vatican's Worldview? World Affairs, 2 (177): 25–-33.

Geary, Patrick J. 1994. Living with Conflicts in Stateless France: A Typology of Conflict Management Mechanisms, 1050–1200. In Geary Patrick J. (szerk.): Living with the Dead in the Middle Ages. 125–160. Cornell: University Press.

Gisotti, Alessandro 2022. Pope Francis and the need for a more effective United Nations. https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-04/pope-francis-united-nations-war-ukraine.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 21.)

Györkös Attila 2000: Isten békéje és treuga Dei a 11. századi Franciaországban. Aetas, 3 (15): 62–75.

Harnack von, Adolf 1902. Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten. Leipzig: Academic.

Hehir, Bryan J. 2012. Why Religion? Why Now? In Shah, Timothy Samuel, Stepan Alfred, Toft, Duffy Monica (szerk.): Rethinking Religion and World Affairs. 15–24. New York: Oxford University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199827978.003.0002

Hervada, Javier 1973. Tres estudios sobre el uso del termino laico. Pamplona: EUNSA.

Hierold, Alfred E. 1987. Der deutsche Caritasverbandes und die Diösenzancaritasverbände als Vereine von Gläubigen. In. AA. VV. Das consoziative Element in der Kirche. 939–941. St. Ottilien: EOS Verlag.

Horan, Daniel 2014. The Franciscan Heart of Thomas Merton. Notre Dame: Ava Maria Press.

Hoose Adam L. 2010. Francis of Assisi’s Way of Peace? His Conversion and Mission to Egypt. The Catholic Historical Review, 3 (96): 449–469.

https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.0.0838

Houlihan, Patrick J. 2012. Local Catholicism as Transnational War Experience: Everyday Religious Practice in Occupied Northern France, 1914—1918. Central European History, 2 (45): 233–267.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938912000040

Ittekkot, Venugopalan, Milne, Eleanor 2015. Encyclical Letter “Laudato Si’”: A gentle but firm nudge from Pope Francis. Environmental Development, (11): 1–5.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.09.011

Jeffrey Ball 2016. Laudato si. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 64 (6): 33–36.

https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2016.de.00006

II. János Pál 1989: Ex. Ap. Christifideles laici. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 4 (81): 393–521.

Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard 2012. The Peace Ethics of Pope John Paul II. 313–345. In Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard A. Barbieri, William A. (szerk.): From Just War to Modern Peace Ethics. Berlin-Boston: De Gruyter.

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110291926.313

Kasper, Walter 1987. Berufung und Sendung der Laien in Kirche und Welt. Geschichtliche und systematische Perspektiven. Stimmen der Zeit, (205): 579–593.

Keating, Maryann O., Keating, Barry P., Jones, Jesse H. 2011. Benedict XVI as Social Realist in Caritas in Veritate. Journal of Markets & Morality, 2 (14): 345–358.

Keenan, Marjorie 2002. From Stockholm to Johannesburg: An Historical Overview of the Concern of the Holy See for the Environment 1972–2002. Vatican City: Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace.

Kobler John, F. 1985. The Influence of Pacem in Terris. In Uő (szerk.): Vatican II and Phenomenology Reflections on the Life- World of the Church. 55–74. Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9936-3_4

Kuminetz Géza 2010. A klerikusi életállapot Válogatott pasztorálteológiai és kánonjogi tanulmányok. Budapest: Szent István Társulat.

Laffitte, Jean 2008. Amore e giustizia nell’enciclica Deus Caritas est: prospettiva teologica. In. Miñambres Jesús (szerk.): Diritto canonico e Servizio della carità. 6–18. Milano: Giuffrè.

Lecomte, Bernard 2017. The Popes and the European Integration. In The Popes and Sixty Years of European Integration. 9–14. Vatican City: L’Osservatore Romano.

Lyon, Alynna J. 2018. Pope Francis as a Global Policy Entrepreneur: Moral Authority and Climate Change. In Lyon, AlynnaJ., Gustafson, Christine A., Christopher Manuel, Paul (szerk): Pope Francis as a Global Actor Where Politics and Theology Meet. 121–122. Arlington: Palgrave.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71377-9

Micallef René M. 2014. Tra Caino il vagabondo omicida e Caino il fondatore di città: Fraternità e immigrazione nel discorso politico di Papa Francesco. Gregorianum, 1 (96) 1–23.

MacLean, Donald A. 1947. Pope Pius XII, Apostle of World Peace. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 2 (6): 261–268.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1947.tb00666.x

Mahoney, Jack 2019. From Clericalism to Synodality. The Furrow, 12 (70): 647–653.

https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3752

Mitchell, Donald W. 2015. Catholic Theology of Creation Nature’s Value and Relation to Humankind. Claritas: Journal of Dialogue and Culture, 2 (4): 70–74.

Murray Courtney John 1963. Things Old and New in ’Pacem in Terris’. America, (107): 612–614.

Mustafa, Genc 2021. Fratelli Tutti: An Interpretation of Dialogue and Friendship in Society: An Islamic Perspective. The Journal of social encounters, 1 (5): 33–36.

Navarro, Luis 2012: La condizione giuridica del laico nella canonistica dal Concilio Vaticano II ad oggi. In. Navarro, Luis, Puig, Fernando (szerk.): ll fedele laico. Realtà e prospettive. 35–66. Milano: Giuffrè Editore.

Neuner, Peter 1988. Der Laie und das Gottesvolk. Frankfurt am Main, Verlag Knecht.

Omar, Irfan, Duffy Michael 2015. Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.

O’Brien, David 2013. Catholic Strategic Peacebuilding: The Unique Role of the Laity.

https://www.beyondintractability.org/reflection/obrien-catholic-strategic-peacebuilding (Letöltés ideje: 2023.07.21.)

Padányi, József 2005. A Magyar Honvédség részvétele a békefenntartásban. In Beszteri Béla: Béketeremtés-békefenntartás. ISBN: 9639558362

Pasture, Patrick 2008. Catholic and Christian Democratic Views on Europe Before and After World War II. In Kosicki, Piotr H., Łukasiewicz Sławomir (szerk.): Christian Democracy Across the Iron Curtain: Europe Redefined. 25–57. New York: MacMillan.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64087-7_2

VI. Pál 1976. Ex. Ap., Evangelii nuntiandi. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 1. (68): 5–76.

XI. Pius 1930. Enc., Non abbiamo bisogno. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 8 (23): 285–312.

XI. Pius 1937. Enc., Mit Brennender Sorge. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 5 (27): 145–167.

XI. Pius 1938. Rádióüzenet. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 2 (30): 309–311.

XII. Pius 1939. Enc., Summi Pontificatus. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 3 (31): 413–453.

XII. Pius 1957. The World Congress for the Lay Apostolate. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 7 (49): 937.

XII. Pius 1957. Enc., Fidei donum. Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 2 (49): 225–248.

Pollard, John P. 1999. The Unknown Pope Benedict XV (1914–1922) and the Pursuit of Peace. London: Cassell.

Pollard, John P. 2015. Papal Diplomacy and The Great War. New Blackfriars, 1062 (96): 147–153.

https://doi.org/10.1111/nbfr.12114

Powell James 1983. Francesco d’Assisi e la Quinta Crociata. Una missione di pace. Schede medievali, (4): 68–77.

Randolph, Daniel 1977. The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages. Lexington, KY.

Raftis J. A. 1963. Mater et Magistra: a Challenge to the Catholicity of the Church. Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 1 (18): 17–34.

https://doi.org/10.7202/1021452ar

Ratzinger, Joseph 1958. Der theologische Ort des Laien, a review of Y. Congar’s book, Der Laie, Entwurf einer Theologie des Laientums. Wort und Wahrheit, (13): 718–719.

Ratzinger, Joseph, Vittorio Messori, 1985. The Ratzinger Report: An Exclusive Interview on the State of the Church. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press.

Ratzinger, Joseph 1988. Church, Ecumenism and Politics. New York: Crossroad Pub. Co.

Ratzinger, Joseph 1997. Salt of the Earth. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press.

Ratzinger, Joseph, Henry Taylor 2004. Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions. San Francisco, CA.: Ignatius Press.

Ratzinger, Joseph, Habermas, Jürgen 2006. The Dialectics of Secularization, On Reason and Religion. San Francisco, CA.: Ignatius Press.

Reginald, Alva 2017. The Catholic Church’s Perspective of Human Dignity as the Basis of Dialogue with the Secular World. Stellenbosch Theological Journal, 2 (1): 64–75.

Renken, John Anthony 2014. Pope Francis and Participative Bodies in the Church: Canonical Reflections. Studia canonica, 1 (48): 203–233.

Rumi, Giorgio 1989. Il Concilio Vaticano II E Il Sistema delle Relazioni Internazionali. In Le deuxième Concile du Vatican (1959–1965). 745–754. Roma: École Française de Rome.

Schroeder, Paul 1996. The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sniegocki, John 2021. Pope Francis, Fratelli Tutti, the Death Penalty, and War. The Journal of Social Encounters, 1 (5): 23–32.

Skinner Mary S. 2018. Lay Initiative in the Early Peace of God Movement. In Bird, Jessalynn (szerk.): Papacy, Crusade, and Christian-Muslim Relations. 21–45. Amsterdam: University Press.

https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv513cfs.5

Spieker, Manfred, Palladino, David 2018. The Quiet Prophet: Benedict XVI and Catholic Social Teaching. Thought and Culture, 1 (21): 64–82.

https://doi.org/10.1353/log.2018.0003

Stassen Glen H 2003. The Unity, Realism, and Obligatoriness of Just Peacemaking Theory. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 1 (23): 171–194.

https://doi.org/10.5840/jsce200323126

Taylor, Leonard Francis 2020. Catholic Cosmopolitanism and Human Rights. Cambridge: University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108626446

Thornton John F., Varenne, Susan B. 2007. The Essential Pope Benedict XVI: His Essential Writings and Speeches. San Francisco: HarperOne.

Thürer, Daniel 2011. Humanitarian Law: Theory, Practice, Context. Hague: Hague Academy of International Law.

https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047441458

Tucker, Mary Evelyn, Grim, John 2016. Four Commentaries on the Pope’s Message on Climate Change and Income Inequality. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 3 (91): 261–270.

https://doi.org/10.1086/688095

Yoder, John Howard,- Stassen Glen, Nation Thiessen Mark, Hamsher Matt (szerk.) 2009. The War of the Lamb: The Ethics of Nonviolence and Peacemaking. Minneapolis: Brazos Press.

Vallauri, Luigi Lombardi 1974. Amicizia, carità, diritto. Milano: Giuffrè.

Verosta, Stephan 1972. The Holy See and International Organizations. Worldview, 15 (7): 31–33.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S008425590001425X

Ward James E. 1966. Leo XIII: „The Diplomat Pope”. The Review of Politics, 1 (28): 47–61.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500005933

Published
2024-03-13