A Kína által alkalmazott abszorpciós stratégia jellemzői és kihí vásai a technológiai versenyben
Kulcsszavak:
abszorpciós stratégia, ipari kémkedés, Kína, másolás, nagyhatalmi verseny
Absztrakt
Kína az elmúlt évtizedekben a technológiai fejlesztések előtérbe helyezésével és az abszorpciós stratégia a lkalmazásával jelentős fejlődést ért el az USA technológiai színvonalához történő felzárkózásban, azonban eddig nem sikerült sem elérnie, sem meghaladnia az USA képességeit. Jelenlegi stratégiai célja, hogy USA tól átvegye a technológiai vezető szerepet. A Kína által alkalmazott abszorpciós stratégia a jelenlegi technológiai környezetben nem alkalmas a technológiai vezetés átvételére, valamint rendszerszintű jellemzők is akadályozzák az innovációs képesség javulását. Kínának strat é giai célja elérése érdekéb en nagyobb hangsúlyt kell helyeznie a generatív innovációs képessége javításására és ez eredeti innovációkra.
Hivatkozások
Budavári Krisztina 2021. A magyar védelmi ipar helyzete és fejlődési lehetőségei. Budapest: Magyar Hadtudományi Társaság. (Letöltés ideje: 2022. 04. 11.)
https://doi.org/10.51491/vedelmi.ipar2021
Budavári Krisztina 2024. Kína védelmi ipari bázisának és védelmi innovációs ökoszisztémájának értékelése. Katonai Logisztika, 32 (1–2): 78–87.
Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS): How Developed Is China’s Arms Industry? https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-developed-chinas-arms-industry (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 01.)
Cheung, Tai Ming, Lucyshyn, William, Rigilano, John 2019. The Role of Technology Transfers in China’s Defense Technological and Industrial Development and the Implications for the United States. Acquisition Research Program Sponsored Report Series UCSD-AM-19-028. https://dair.nps.edu/bitstream/123456789/2756/1/UCSD-AM-19-028.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 11. 04.)
Cheung, Tai Ming: Strengths and Weaknesses of China’s Defense Industry and Acquisition System and Implications for the U.S. https://dair.nps.edu/bitstream/123456789/1541/1/SYM-AM-17-153.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 01.)
Congressional Research Service 2023. Defense Primer: U.S. Defense Industrial Base. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10548 (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 05. 01.)
Dew, Nicholas, Lewis, Ira 2022. System-on-System Competition in Defense Innovation. Expeditions with MCUP 2022.05.18. https://doi.org/10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2022.07 https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/EXP_DewLewis_PDF.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 10. 11.)
https://doi.org/10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2022.07
Gilli, Andrea, Gilli, Mauro 2019. Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet: Military-Technological Superiority and the Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage. International Security, 43 (3): 141–189. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00337 https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/43/3/141/12218/Why-China-Has-Not-Caught-Up-Yet-Military (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00337
Gregorian, Dareh: FBI director says new probes into China launched „every 12 hours”. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/fbi-director-says-new-probes-china-launched-every-12-hours-n1279724 (Letöltés ideje: 2022. 03. 14.)
Hamburger, Patricia, Miskimens, David, Truver, Scott 2011. It Is Not Just Hardware and Software, Anymore! Human Systems Integration in U.S. Submarines. Naval Engineers Journal, 123 (4): 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2009.00198.x (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2009.00198.x
Kahn, Lauren: What the Defense Department’s 2021 China Military Power Report Tells Us About Defense Innovation. https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/what-defense-departments-2021-china-military-power-report-tells-us-about-defense-innovation (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 08. 20.)
Lockheed Martin: F-22 Raptor. https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/history/f-22.html (Letöltés ideje: 2024. 05. 07.)
Martin, Peter: Can China Fight? The Russia-Ukraine War Offers Warnings. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2023-war-china-taiwan/?srnd=premium&sref=fSOf3OlP#xj4y7vzkg (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 11. 16.)
National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC) 2021. Protecting Critical and Emerging U.S. Technologies from Foreign Threats. https://www.dni.gov/files/NCSC/documents/SafeguardingOurFuture/FINAL_NCSC_Emerging%20Technologies_Factsheet_10_22_2021.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2022. 03. 07.)
Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) 2021. Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2021. Annual Report to Congress. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/03/2002885874/-1/-1/0/2021-CMPR-FINAL.PDF (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 08.)
Pelley, Scott, Chasan, Aliza, Weisz, Aaron, Flickinger, Ian: Global intelligence leaders warn against China's technology theft. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chinas-technology-theft-major-threat-fbi-head-warns-60-minutes/ (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 10. 29.)
Satoru, Mori 2018. Defense Innovation in the United States. The Center for Air and Space Power Strategic Studies. Symposium 2018. https://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/meguro/center/arpw06/4Symposium3.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 04. 08.)
Scobell, Andrew, Lai, David, Kamphausen, Roy 2011. Chinese Lessons From Other People’s Wars. Carlisle: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/pub1090.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 08. 06.)
Suarez, Fernando F., Lanzolla, Gianvito 2007. The Role of Environmental Dynamics in Building a First Mover Advantage Theory. Academy of Management Review, 32 (2): 377–392. (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24349587
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China 2019. China’s National Defense in the New Era. First Edition 2019. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201907/24/content_WS5d3941ddc6d08408f502283d.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 01.)
U.S. Department of Defense (U.S. DoD) 2022. Securing Defense-Critical Supply Chains. An action plan developed in response to President Biden's Executive Order 14017. Washington: U.S. Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Feb/24/2002944158/-1/-1/1/DOD-EO-14017-REPORT-SECURING-DEFENSE-CRITICAL-SUPPLY-CHAINS.PDF (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 02. 07.)
Ward, Dan, MacGregor, Matt 2022. Arming the Eagle, Outpacing the Dragon. Understanding and Out Competing China’s Defense Acquisition and Innovation System. MITRE Corporation. https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/pr-21-01346-10-arming-the-eagle-outpacing-the-dragon.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
Weinbaum, Cortney, O'Connell, Caolionn, Popper, Steven W., Bond, M. Scott, Byrne, Hannah Jane, Curriden, Christian, Weider Fauerbach, Gregory, Lilly, Sale, Mondschein, Jared, Schmid, Jon 2022. Assessing Systemic Strengths and Vulnerabilities of China's Defense Industrial Base. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA930-1.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 08.)
Zhen, Liu: China military’s landmark J-20 stealth fighter started a decade of modernisation. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3119615/china-militarys-landmark-j-20-stealth-fighter-started-decade (Letöltés ideje: 2024. 05. 07.)
https://doi.org/10.51491/vedelmi.ipar2021
Budavári Krisztina 2024. Kína védelmi ipari bázisának és védelmi innovációs ökoszisztémájának értékelése. Katonai Logisztika, 32 (1–2): 78–87.
Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS): How Developed Is China’s Arms Industry? https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-developed-chinas-arms-industry (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 01.)
Cheung, Tai Ming, Lucyshyn, William, Rigilano, John 2019. The Role of Technology Transfers in China’s Defense Technological and Industrial Development and the Implications for the United States. Acquisition Research Program Sponsored Report Series UCSD-AM-19-028. https://dair.nps.edu/bitstream/123456789/2756/1/UCSD-AM-19-028.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 11. 04.)
Cheung, Tai Ming: Strengths and Weaknesses of China’s Defense Industry and Acquisition System and Implications for the U.S. https://dair.nps.edu/bitstream/123456789/1541/1/SYM-AM-17-153.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 01.)
Congressional Research Service 2023. Defense Primer: U.S. Defense Industrial Base. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10548 (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 05. 01.)
Dew, Nicholas, Lewis, Ira 2022. System-on-System Competition in Defense Innovation. Expeditions with MCUP 2022.05.18. https://doi.org/10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2022.07 https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/EXP_DewLewis_PDF.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 10. 11.)
https://doi.org/10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2022.07
Gilli, Andrea, Gilli, Mauro 2019. Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet: Military-Technological Superiority and the Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage. International Security, 43 (3): 141–189. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00337 https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/43/3/141/12218/Why-China-Has-Not-Caught-Up-Yet-Military (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00337
Gregorian, Dareh: FBI director says new probes into China launched „every 12 hours”. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/fbi-director-says-new-probes-china-launched-every-12-hours-n1279724 (Letöltés ideje: 2022. 03. 14.)
Hamburger, Patricia, Miskimens, David, Truver, Scott 2011. It Is Not Just Hardware and Software, Anymore! Human Systems Integration in U.S. Submarines. Naval Engineers Journal, 123 (4): 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2009.00198.x (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2009.00198.x
Kahn, Lauren: What the Defense Department’s 2021 China Military Power Report Tells Us About Defense Innovation. https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/what-defense-departments-2021-china-military-power-report-tells-us-about-defense-innovation (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 08. 20.)
Lockheed Martin: F-22 Raptor. https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/history/f-22.html (Letöltés ideje: 2024. 05. 07.)
Martin, Peter: Can China Fight? The Russia-Ukraine War Offers Warnings. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2023-war-china-taiwan/?srnd=premium&sref=fSOf3OlP#xj4y7vzkg (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 11. 16.)
National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC) 2021. Protecting Critical and Emerging U.S. Technologies from Foreign Threats. https://www.dni.gov/files/NCSC/documents/SafeguardingOurFuture/FINAL_NCSC_Emerging%20Technologies_Factsheet_10_22_2021.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2022. 03. 07.)
Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) 2021. Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2021. Annual Report to Congress. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/03/2002885874/-1/-1/0/2021-CMPR-FINAL.PDF (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 08.)
Pelley, Scott, Chasan, Aliza, Weisz, Aaron, Flickinger, Ian: Global intelligence leaders warn against China's technology theft. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chinas-technology-theft-major-threat-fbi-head-warns-60-minutes/ (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 10. 29.)
Satoru, Mori 2018. Defense Innovation in the United States. The Center for Air and Space Power Strategic Studies. Symposium 2018. https://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/meguro/center/arpw06/4Symposium3.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 04. 08.)
Scobell, Andrew, Lai, David, Kamphausen, Roy 2011. Chinese Lessons From Other People’s Wars. Carlisle: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/pub1090.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 08. 06.)
Suarez, Fernando F., Lanzolla, Gianvito 2007. The Role of Environmental Dynamics in Building a First Mover Advantage Theory. Academy of Management Review, 32 (2): 377–392. (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24349587
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China 2019. China’s National Defense in the New Era. First Edition 2019. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201907/24/content_WS5d3941ddc6d08408f502283d.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 01.)
U.S. Department of Defense (U.S. DoD) 2022. Securing Defense-Critical Supply Chains. An action plan developed in response to President Biden's Executive Order 14017. Washington: U.S. Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Feb/24/2002944158/-1/-1/1/DOD-EO-14017-REPORT-SECURING-DEFENSE-CRITICAL-SUPPLY-CHAINS.PDF (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 02. 07.)
Ward, Dan, MacGregor, Matt 2022. Arming the Eagle, Outpacing the Dragon. Understanding and Out Competing China’s Defense Acquisition and Innovation System. MITRE Corporation. https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/pr-21-01346-10-arming-the-eagle-outpacing-the-dragon.pdf (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 09. 20.)
Weinbaum, Cortney, O'Connell, Caolionn, Popper, Steven W., Bond, M. Scott, Byrne, Hannah Jane, Curriden, Christian, Weider Fauerbach, Gregory, Lilly, Sale, Mondschein, Jared, Schmid, Jon 2022. Assessing Systemic Strengths and Vulnerabilities of China's Defense Industrial Base. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA930-1.html (Letöltés ideje: 2023. 07. 08.)
Zhen, Liu: China military’s landmark J-20 stealth fighter started a decade of modernisation. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3119615/china-militarys-landmark-j-20-stealth-fighter-started-decade (Letöltés ideje: 2024. 05. 07.)
Megjelent
2024-07-08
Folyóirat szám
Rovat
Honvédelem
