The  first constitutional documents covering  the principle of separation of powers in the historical process

Bilal Tunç; Semih Akbaş; Gürkan Gündüz; Resul Narin

doi:10.63684/dk.2026.01.04

Bilal Tunç Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversity https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-8494
Semih Akbaş Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversity https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7338-4889
Gürkan Gündüz Turkish Republic Gendarmerie General Command https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3067-6576
Resul Narin Sakarya Metropolitan Municipality https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3702-6880

DOI: https://doi.org/10.63684/dk.2026.01.04

Kulcsszavak: Alkotmány, Franciaország, Anglia, Litvánia, Lengyelország, hatalmi ágak szétválasztása, USA

Absztrakt

A jelen kutatás a hatalmi ágak szétválasztása elvének történelmi megjelenését és alkotmányosodását vizsgálja a legkorábbi olyan alkotmányos dokumentumok elemzésén keresztül, amelyekben ez az elv explicit vagy implicit módon megfogalmazódott. Az alkotmánytörténet kulcsfontosságú mérföldköveire összpontosítva a cikk először az angol tapasztalatokat értékelte az 1689-es Bill of Rights (Jogok Nyilatkozata) és az 1701-es Örökösödési Törvény értékelésével, amelyek korlátozták a monarchikus hatalmat, és lefektették a törvényhozási felsőbbrendűség valamint a bírói függetlenség alapjait. Ezt követően górcső alá került az amerikai alkotmányos hagyomány, kezdve az 1776-os Virginiai Jogok Nyilatkozatával és Virginia Alkotmányával, az Egyesült Államok 1787-es Alkotmányában csúcsosodva ki, ahol a törvényhozó, a végrehajtó és az igazságszolgáltatási hatalmi ágak szétválasztását szigorú fékek és ellensúlyok rendszerében intézményesítették. A tanulmány tovább vizsgálta a kérdés kontinentális európai dimenziót az 1789-es francia Emberi és Polgári Jogok Nyilatkozatának és az 1791-es francia Alkotmány elemzésével, amelyek explicit módon meghatározták a hatalmi ágak szétválasztását az alkotmányos létezés előfeltételeként. A Lengyel-Litván Köztársaság 1791-es Alkotmányát az egyik legkorábbi modern európai alkotmányként értékelte, amely megtestesíti ezt az elvet. Végül az 1814-es holland Alkotmány analízise során megállapította, hogy ez a korai alkotmányos monarchia maga is hozzájárult a hatalmi ágak szétválasztásának elterjedéséhez Európában. A kutatás bemutatta, hogy a hatalmi ágak szétválasztása különböző politikai kontextusokon keresztül a modern alkotmányosság alapelvévé fejlődött. A jelen tanulmány számos szerzői joggal védett mű felhasználásával készült, kvalitatív kutatási módszerrel, dokumentumelemzési technikával.

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