The transformative role of the European Union on Turkish civil society
A legal framework analysis from recognition to protection
Absztrakt
Under the influence of the European Union (EU), the legal framework of civil society in Turkey has undergone significant changes. However, have the normative framework and policy demands of the EU been able to play a transformative role in shaping the legal organization of civil society in Turkey? In this study, we aimed to examine the transformative role of the EU in shaping the legal structure of civil society in Turkey. In the study, the Turkey Progress Reports published by the EU since 2005 were systematically examined, and the legal development of civil society was analyzed. The transformative role of the EU in shaping the legal structure of civil society in Turkey is of critical importance for democratization and strengthening the rule of law in the country. Efforts to align with EU standards have increased the legal recognition and protection of civil society in Turkey. Additionally, the financial and technical support provided by the EU has encouraged legal reforms aimed at enhancing the capacity of civil society organizations in Turkey. Nevertheless, further steps are necessary to fully strengthen and protect the legal structure of civil society.
Hivatkozások
Ayhan, E. (2020): Civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey: History, theories and issues. İKSAD Publishing House. https://iksadyayinevi.com/home/civil-society-organizations-csos-in-turkey-histo¬ry-theories-and-issues/
Boşnak, B. (2022): Civil society and non-discrimination in Turkey. In: Non-Discrimination in Turkey, pp. 189–207. Springer International Publishing.
Boşnak, B. (2023): Civil society and public policy in Turkey. In: V. Göçoğlu–N. Karkin (Eds.): Citizen-cen¬tered public policy in Turkey. pp. 79–93. Springer.
Börzel, T.–Thomas, R. (2009): The transformative power of Europe: The European Union and the diffusion of ideas. (Working Papers No. 01): Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG), Berlin: Free University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237452626_The_Transformative_Power-_of_Europe_The_European_Union_and_the_Diffusion_of_Ideas
Börzel, T. A. (2009): Transformative power Europe? The EU Promotion of good governance in areas of limited statehood (ERD Workshop), Berlin: Free University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228454998_Transformative_Power-_Europe_The_EU_Promotion_of_Good_Governance_in_Areas_of_Limited_Statehood
T. A.–Pamuk, Y. (2012): Pathologies of Europeanisation: Fighting corruption in the Southern Caucasus. West European Politics, 35., (1.), pp. 79–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.631315
Börzel, T. A.–Lebanidze, B. (2017): Cohesiveness, coherence, and consistency in the ENP. In: T. Demmelhuber–A. Marchetti–T. Schumacher (Eds): The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbour¬hood Policy. Routledge.
Börzel, T. A. (2010): The transformative power of Europe reloaded. The limits of external Europeanization. (Working Papers No. 11): Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG). Berlin: Free University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239806865_The_Transformative_Power-_of_Europe_Relo¬aded_The_Limits_of_External_Europeanization
Casier, T. (2008): The new neighbors of the European Union: The Compelling logic of enlargement? The boundaries of EU enlargement: Finding a Place for Neighbours. pp. 19–32. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230591042
Çalış, Ş. (2016): Türkiye – Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri: Kimlik arayışı, politik aktörler ve değişim (5th Ed.): Nobel Yayınları.
Dimitrova, A.–Pridham, G. (2005): International actors and democracy promotion in Central and Eastern Europe: The integration model and its limits. Democratization, 11., (5.), pp. 91–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340412331304606
Dimitrova, A.–Boroda, M.–Chulitskaya, T.–Berbeca, V.–Parvan, T. (2016): Soft, normative, or transformative power: What do the EU’s communications with Eastern partners reveal about its influence? (Working Paper No. 01): EU-STRAT. Berlin: Free University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317253256_Soft_normative_or_-transformative_power_What_do_EU's_communi¬cations_with_Eastern_partners_reveal_about_its_influence
Düzgit, S. A. (2011): European Union enlargement and neighborhood policy. In: A. Kaya, S. A.–Düzgit, Y. Gürsoy–Ö. O. Beşgül (Eds): European Union: History, Institutions and Policies, pp. 43–58. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
European Commission (2022): EU Enlargement. https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/eu-enlargement_en
EU Delegation (2022): Progress Reports. https://www.avrupa.info.tr/tr/ilerleme-raporlari-744
Grabbe, H. (2004): The constellations of Europe: How enlargement will transform the EU. Center for European Reform. https://www.cer.org.uk/publications/archive/report/2004/constellations-europe-how-enlargement-will-transform-eu
Falus, O. (2020): The Legal Institutions of Charity in the Traditional Islamic Law. Sarajevo: Dobraknjiga.
Falus, O.–Tunç, B. (2023): Human Rights in the Turkish Constitution and in the Hungarian Fundamental Law. In: Kiliç, M. (Ed.): The Role of the Legislature in the Protection of Human Rights Procee¬dings Book. Ankara: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, pp. 209–230.
Grabbe, H. (2014): Six lessons of enlargement ten years on: the EU's transformative power in retrospect and prospect. Journal Common Market Studies, 52., (1.), pp. 40–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12174
İçduygu, A. (2011): Interacting actors: The EU and civil society in Turkey. South European Society and Politics, 16., (3.), pp. 381–394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2011.598351
Karataş, E.–Ataman, H.–Özçelebi, M. M. (2023): Türkiye’de sivil toplum örgütleri: Örgütlenme özgürlüğü ve katılım hakkı. In: T. E. Abay (Ed.): Bölüm I Örgütlenme Özgürlüğü. STGM. https://www.stgm.org.tr/sites/default/files/2024-01/sto-rapor2-web.pdf
Karolewski, I. P.–Sus, M. (2015): The transformative power of Europe: An introduction. In: I. P. Karolewski –M. Sus (Eds): The transformative power of Europe: The case of Poland. pp. 7–8.), Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Kutlay, M. (2018): The transformative power of the EU in a changing international order. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 23., (1.), pp. 8–26. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/percep¬tion/issue/48949/624450
Kuzmanovic, D. (2012): Refractions of civil society in Turkey. Palgrave Macmillan.
Lavenex, S.–Schimmelfennig, F. (2009): EU rules beyond EU borders: Theorizing external governance in European politics. Journal of European Public Policy, 16., (6.), pp. 791–812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760903087696
Manners, I. (2002): Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40., (2.), pp. 235–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353
Mardin, Ş. (1973): Center-periphery relations: A key to Turkish politics? Daedalus, 102., (1.), pp.
–190. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024114
Mathieu, J. L. (2006): Avrupa Birliği. Translate: İ. Yerguz. Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
McCormick, J. (2015): European Union Politics. Translate D. Özsel. Liberte.
Öniş, Z.–Kutlay, M. (2019): Global shifts and the limits of the EU’s transformative power in the Europe an periphery: Comparative perspectives from Hungary and Turkey. Government and Opposition, 54., (2.), pp. 226–253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2017.16
Özdemir, H. (2012): European Logic: Theory and Dynamics of European Integration. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
Rehn, O. (2006): Europe’s Next Frontiers. Nomos.
Reianu, D. G. (2024): Civil society in the context of the EU accession: the case of Montenegro. Civil Szemle, 78., (1.), pp. 123–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62560/csz.2024.01.08
Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Internal Affairs. (2024): Number of Associations. General Directorate of Civil Society Relations. https://www.siviltoplum.gov.tr/dernek-sayilari
Rumelili, B.–Boşnak, B. (2015): Taking stock of the Europeanization of civil society in Turkey: The case of NGOs. In: A. Tekin (Ed.): The Europeanization of Turkey: polity and politics. pp. 127–144. Routledge.
Sekulić, T. (2020): The European Union and the Paradox of Enlargement. Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42295-0
Solórzano, N. P. (2016): Civil society and EU enlargement. In the search for Europe: Contrasting approaches. BBVA. https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/civil-society-and-eu-enlargement/
Sönmez, E. K. (2019): The role of Turkish Civil society in political decision-making. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 74., (3.), pp. 961–981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.536428
Tezcan, E. (2007): Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu. Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu (USAK) Yayınları.
Vachudova, M. A. (2005): Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage, and Integration After Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zihnioğlu, Ö. (2013): European Union civil society policy and Turkey: A bridge too far? Palgrave Macmillan.
Zihnioğlu, Ö. (2019): European Union civil society support and the depoliticization of Turkish civil society.
Third World Quarterly, 40., (3.), pp. 503–520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1545567
Zihnioğlu, Ö. (2020): EU-Turkey relations: Civil society and depoliticization. Routledge.
