Challenges of Border Control in Europe’s Schengen Area – The SCHEVAL Initiative

Abstract

In a supranational body like the European Union, how do we understand public order and internal security in a continent without internal borders? In the 1957 Treaty of Rome, four fundamental freedoms—movement of people, goods, services, and capital—were established to strengthen the internal market and boost economic growth. However, real border-free movement began only in 1985, when five countries signed the Schengen Agreement, committing to remove internal border checks. The process required many compromises, especially regarding economic and security concerns. Despite challenges and difficult negotiations, the agreement marked a turning point in Europe’s approach to borders. But why were these compromises necessary? Issues like customs, taxes, money, and—most importantly—security played a key role. Today, security is once again a central concern. With a borderless EU of 449.2 million people, how can we ensure their safety? Is current external border control sufficient, or does it need to be improved? The author of this research, an expert in Schengen evaluation, has participated in assessments across several member states—including Greece, Poland, the Baltics, Italy, Spain, and others—on behalf of the European Commission since 2012. Each evaluation focused on identifying weaknesses in border management and how countries respond to threats. In this presentation, the author will highlight the main threats, border-related crimes, and common shortcomings that undermine safety in a borderless Europe.